University of California San Diego CH16 History Holocaust History Questions Please respond to the following question in large paragraphs. Please do not use

University of California San Diego CH16 History Holocaust History Questions Please respond to the following question in large paragraphs. Please do not use outside sources. Please only use the book: Wages of Destruction (chap 16) and Only the Dead (chap 7) by (Braumoeller, Bear F) .

1. Who was Fritz Sauckel? How did his duties in the National Socialist economy overlap between what we might consider the “normal” and the “despotic”? How does Tooze think Sauckel’s negotiations with the SS helped produce the Endlösung?

2. What was the Hungerplan? How did it emerge out of practical (albeit genocidal) German economic and geopolitical goals, yet (in Tooze’s telling) come to create the ideal conditions for the purely ideological goals of the SS elite to metastasize?

3. Can you think of a motivating force for the Endlösung other than the “purely ideological” or the economic one that Tooze suggests interacted with the ideological goals of the NSDAP and SS elites? What might a sociological argument for the motivating force of that genocide that examines the careers of elite SS officers look like? What about one that looks at the actions and motivations of non-German proxy forces for the Third Reich? ‘This is one of the most important and original books to be published about
the Third Reich in the past twenty years and certainly the best book I have ever
read about the Nazi economy. Tooze combines a sophisticated understanding of
the economic issues at stake with a remarkable depth and breadth of historical
knowledge. He rightly stresses the centrality of rearmament and warfare to Hitler’s
catastrophic grand design. What’s more he writes with a rare c l a r i t y and wit’
Niall Ferguson, author of THE WAR OF THE WORLD
‘Adam Tooze’s THE WAGES OF DESTRUCTION is unputdownable epic history.
The untold story he tells of the financing of Hitler’s Germany transforms not only
our reading of Hitler’s sordid regime, but the history of the twentieth century itself.
B r i l l i a n t l y w r i t t e n , its original scholarship is telling and lightly borne on
every page. Required reading for all students of the period, it will appeal to the
widest general readership, constituting a powerful new insight into Hitler himself
John Cornwell, author of HITLER’S POPE
A remarkable book – scholarly, provocative and immensely readable which places Nazism, the War and the Holocaust in the broad sweep of
European history. This is a terror epic about one man’s vaulting ambition
struggling to surmount his country’s economic li mits – at appalling human cost’
David Reynolds, author of IN COMMAND OF HISTORY
The idea that Nazi Germany was an unstoppable juggernaut,
backed up by a highly industrialized economy, has been central
to all accounts of the Second World War. But what if this was
not the case? What if the tragedy of twentieth-century Europe
had its roots in Germany’s weakness, rather than in its
strength?
Adam Tooze has written the first radically new account of the
Second World War in a generation. He does this by placing
economics alongside race and politics at the heart of the story.
An intuitive understanding of global economic realities was
fundamental to Hitler’s worldview. He understood that
Germany’s relative poverty in 1933 was the result not just of
the Great Depression but also of its limited territory and
natural resources. He predicted the dawning of a new,
globalized world in which Europe would be crushed by
America’s overwhelming power. There was one last chance: a
European superstate under German rule.
But the global balance of economic and military power was
from the outset heavily stacked against Hitler, and it was to
forestall this danger from the West that he launched his underresourced armies on their unprecedented and ultimately futile
rampage across Europe. Even in the summer of 1940, at the
moment of Germany’s greatest triumph, Hitler was still
haunted by the looming threat of Anglo-American air and sea
power, orchestrated, he believed, by the World Jewish
conspiracy. Once the Wehrmacht ran aground in the Soviet
Union, the war rapidly developed into a battle of attrition that
Germany could not hope to win. The failure of Hitler, Albert
Speer and others to admit this meant that the Third Reich was
destroyed at the cost of tens of millions of lives.
Adam Tooze’s book is a gripping and c h i l l i n g account
of astonishing events, which will redefine our view of
Nazi Germany and the Second World War.
Contents
List of Figures
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
List of Frequently Used Abbreviations
Preface
I Introduction
ix
xi
xiii
xiv
xviii
xix
1
Part I Recovery
2 ‘Every Worker his Work’
3 Breaking Away
4 Partners: The Regime and German Business
5 Volksgemeinschaft on a Budget
6 Saving the Peasants
37
67
99
135
166
Part II War in Europe
7 1936: Four Years to War
8 Into the Danger Zone
9 1939: Nothing to Gain by Waiting
10 Going for Broke: The First Winter of War
11 Victory in the West – Sieg im Westen
12 Britain and America: Hitler’s Strategic
Dilemma
vii
203
244
285
326
368
396
CONTENTS
Part III World War
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Preparing for Two Wars at Once
The Grand Strategy of Racial War
December 1941: Turning Point
Labour, Food and Genocide
Albert Speer:’Miracle Man’
No Room for Doubt
Disintegration
The End
429
461
486
513
552
590
625
656
Appendix: Supplementary Data
Notes
Index
677
689
775
viii
List of Figures
Figure 1. Unemployment in Germany, pre-1938 territory
Figure 2. The declining gold and currency reserves of the
Reichsbank
Figure 3. Pressure on the balance of trade: monthly
imports and exports
Figure 4. The competitiveness gap: the price oi not
devaluing
Figure 5. The Third Reich’s lopsided recovery: the
production of textiles and investment goods
Figure 6. Rate of return on capital in German industry,
1925-1941
Figure 7. Forty-two years of German economic progress as
seen from 1933
Figure 8. Industrial and agricultural prices, Germany and
the world, 1929-1938
Figure 9. Inflationary imbalance between financing
requirements and available funds, a contemporary
Figure 10. Production of aircraft and ammunition,
1937-1939
Figure 11. The future of German ammunition production,
as presented to Hitler, July 1939
Figure 12. Volume of industrial inputs imported to
Germany
Figure 13. The Reichsbahn under pressure
Figure 14. German armaments production, September
1939-December 1941
Figure 15. Silent financing at work
ix
48
72
74
77
95
109
146
196
view
305
314
333
344
348
355
257
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 16. The coal and steel nexus: France
1910-1944
Figure 17. Labour input and armaments output
Figure 18. The wartime investment boom: German
industrial capital stock
Figure 19. Monthly Wehrmacht fatalities on the Eastern
Front, June 1941-December 1944
Figure 20. Ammunition production and steel allocated to
ammunition
Figure 21. Learning to make Me 109s at MesserschmittRegensburg
Figure 22. The armaments miracle halted: two years of
armaments production under Speer
417
439
442
514
576
583
600
List of Illustrations
Photographic acknowledgements are given in parentheses.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Negotiation: Gustav Stresemann with Count Zech during
the Young-Plan negotiations, August 1929 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
The one-room apartment of an unemployed miner, April 1931
(Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
Hitler starts work on the first Autobahn September 1933
Hitler and Hjalmar Schacht, May 1934 (AKG-Images, London)
Walter Darre and Herbert Backe (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
Germany’s new tanks at the Nuremberg party rally, September
1935 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
Goering, August 1939 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
Women and Hitler Youth harvesting potatoes, October 1938
(Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
Broken plate glass windows after Kristallnacht, 9 November 1938
(EMPICS/AP)
10 Bernard Baruch ventrilloquizes Roosevelt
11 Hitler addressing the Reichstag, 30 January 1939 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
12 Soviet deliveries of oil to Germany, August 1940 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
13 German soldiers with a French heavy tank, May-June 1940
(Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
14 A Junkers 88, October 1940 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
15 The Avro Lancaster heavy bomber (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
16 Wehrmacht meat requisitioning in France, 1940 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
xi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
17 Meat Market in Lublin ghetto, November 1940 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
18 Heinrich Himmler, Hess, Fritz Todt and Reinhard Heydrich,
March 1941 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
19 Soviet prisoners, July/August 1941 (AKG-Images, London)
20 The road to Moscow, October 1941 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
21 Some of the first Germans taken prisoner at Moscow, 7 December
1941 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
22 ‘Mass production’ of tanks as shown in German newsreels, May
1942 (AKG-Images, London)
23 Reich harvest festival October 1942 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
24 Ukrainian women prior to departure for Germany, August 1942
(Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
25 Speer and his staff during the ‘sub-components crisis’, June 1943
(Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
26 Speer and his colleagues during a rare moment of relaxation,
December 1943 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
27 IG Farben’s Auschwitz building-site, July 1942 (AKG-Images,
London)
28 Prosecution exhibit in IG Farben trial, 1946 (Ullstein Bild, Berlin)
29 Albert Speer rallies armaments workers, May 1944 (Ullstein Bild,
Berlin)
30 Speer lectures on the ‘armaments miracle’, June 1944 (Ullstein
Bild, Berlin)
31 Mass producing V2 ballistic missiles in the Mittelbau (Ullstein
Bild, Berlin)
Every effort has been made to trace copyright holders but this has not
been possible in all cases. If notified, the publishers will be pleased to
rectify any omissions at the earliest opportunity.
xii
List of Tables
Table 1. Borrowing from abroad: Germany’s foreign debt
position, spring 1931
7
Table 2. Accounting for economic growth in Nazi
Germany
63
Table 3. Germany in the world economy in the 1930s
136
Table 4. Farm labour and land
176
Table 5. Four Year Plan: proposed levels of spending
226
Table 6. Rubber and iron ore: twin priorities of the Four
Year Plan
228
Table 7. The democratic oceans: worldwide naval
spending
251
Table 8. Blue- and white-collar occupations, 1938 v. 1933
Table 9. The new world order?
384
Table 10. Like ‘kings in France’
393
Table 11. Friends when you need them: domestic and
external resource mobilization in Britain and Germany
Table 12. The precarious coal balance of the Grossraum
Table 13. The balance sheet of the MONTAN GmbH,
1938-1943: industrial investment by the German army
Table 14. Proposed population distribution Generalplan
Ost
471
Table 15. Proposed investment priorities of Generalplan
Ost
474
Table 16. The economics of slave labour
535
Table 17. Axis and Allied armaments production,
1942-1944, in relation to economic potential
641
xiii
263
406
414
444
Acknowledgements
I would not have written this book but for four people. In the spring of
2000 Richard Overy alerted me to the fact that Penguin needed somebody to take on this project. Simon Winder took the time to come to
Cambridge for an early discussion. John Cornwell placed me in contact
with Clare Alexander and read an early draft of the proposal. Clare
finalized the terms of the deal. To all of them I owe a great debt. Though
Richard in particular may not agree with all of this book’s conclusions,
I nevertheless hope that the delivery of the finished manuscript goes
some way towards justifying the faith they placed in me.
Since 1996 barely a day has gone by in which I have not felt profoundly
fortunate to work at the University of Cambridge and Jesus College.
This is one of the places in the world at which the academic life is
still a virtually unalloyed pleasure. I wish to thank the University, the
University Librarians, my Faculty, the master and my colleagues in the
fellowship at Jesus for providing such a truly wonderful place to work
and granting me two periods of leave in which to concentrate on the
writing of this book. Without the collegial give and take of Faculty and
College life, so much less would be possible.
In 2002 I was extremely fortunate to receive a Leverhulme Prize for
modern history. I am deeply grateful to the trustees for providing me
with this support and all the benefits that it brought. It was Martin
Daunton who put my name into the ring and I am thankful for this and
in general for his enthusiastic and collegial support.
Quite unexpectedly, I spent a large part of the academic year 2004-5
at the University of Illinois, accompanying my wife who held a fellowship there. At a critical stage in the writing of this manuscript I must
admit that the thought of such a move filled me with something close to
dread. Thankfully, due to Becky’s sterling organizational efforts these
xiv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
fears turned out to be completely unfounded. It is hard to think of an
academic environment more conducive to relaxed productivity. I wish
to thank the History Faculty of the University of Illinois and the extraordinary University Library for its hospitality. Peter Fritzsche, as chair
of the Faculty, facilitated my stay and ensured that I had office space to
work in. Marc Micale and Tamara Matheson kindly lent me their offices.
For companionship and intellectual stimulation, I am grateful to Max
Edelson and Mark Leff. Kathy Cebula provided invaluable editorial
assistance. Most of all, however, I want to thank our incomparable
friends Craig Koslofsky and Dana Rabin and their wonderful children
Jonah and Evie, without whom our stay in Urbana would have been
both emotionally and practically impossible.
Thanks to email, our long sojourn in the Midwest meant no interruption in an ongoing process of discussion with friends and colleagues in
Britain, France and Germany. Over the last years, I have worked closely
with Bernhard Fulda, who was the first person to read the entire manuscript and to provide me with invaluable encouragement and feedback.
His support was crucial in sustaining the evolution of my ideas through
2003 and 2004. In early 2005 I was enormously fortunate to gain David
Reynolds as a reader. It is not too much to say that David is the ideal
reader – fast, efficient, hugely knowledgeable and constructively critical.
His comments have shaped this book quite dramatically. Martin Ivanov
(Academy of Science, Sofia) is the third colleague to have read the entire
manuscript. I am extremely grateful for his perceptive criticism and
immensely glad of the collaboration that has emerged between us over
the last two years. I want also to thank Matt Inniss for taking time in
his busy working life at Her Majesty’s Treasury to read the manuscript
and for giving me exciting glimpses of the world beyond academia.
Other friends and colleagues who have read substantial sections of the
manuscript include Francesca Carnevali, Chris Clark, Deborah Cohen,
Becky Conekin, Joe Maiolo, Ralf Richter, Cristiano Ristuccia, Jonas
Schemer and Zara Steiner. I am hugely grateful to all of them.
One of the great pleasures of completing this project is the opportunity
it has provided for dialogue with colleagues in Germany. For conversation, feedback and assistance in obtaining material from Germany
I am immensely grateful to Ralf Banken, Knut Borchardt, Christoph
Buchheim, Michael Ebi, Emanuel Heisenberg, Ulrich Hensler, Jan
Otmar Hesse, Rolf-Dieter Mueller, Werner Plumpe, Alfred Reckendrees,
xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Albrecht Ritschl, Michael Schneider, Mark Spoerer, Sybille Steinbacher
and Jochen Streb. Dozens of endnotes suggest the debt I owe to these
researchers. Personal contact at conferences, by mail or by email has
only increased my debt.
For assistance in obtaining absolutely priceless material from the
Library of Congress in Washington, I wish particularly to thank Deborah
Cohen.
Over the last five years elements of the argument of this book have
been patiently listened to and argued over by seminar audiences in
Cambridge, Coventry, Frankfurt, Manchester, Mannheim, Munich,
Oxford, Paris, Philadelphia, Sofia and Urbana-Champaign. I am particularly grateful for comments from Theo Balderston, Jeffrey Fear, Peter
Fritzsche, Mark Harrison, Craig Koslofsky, Alan Milward, Avner Offer,
Dan Raff, Nick Stargardt and Jonathan Steinberg.
Like every historian of Germany I owe a huge debt to the staff of the
various branches of the Bundesarchiv. I would also like to thank the
staff of the Public Record Office in Kew and the Imperial War Museum,
and most particularly Stephen Walton, a historian’s archivist if there
ever was one.
For hospitality during archival visits, I would like to thank my old
friend Jakob Vogel and friends old and new in the colourful patchwork
of the Brigitte Vogel-Martin Janotta household. Amongst other old
Berlin friends, I am almost particularly grateful to Daniel Haeufler for
providing me with a sudden and quite unexpected burst of publicity in
the Aly-Tooze exchange in the review pages of the TAZ.
Simon Winder has proved an unfailingly supportive editor, providing
encouragement at precisely the right moments. I, like so many of my
colleagues, owe him a huge debt. I would like to thank him and all the
other people at Penguin, notably Chloe Campbell, for smoothing the
passage of this book. I would also like to extend heartfelt thanks to
Elizabeth Stratford, my meticulous and admirably patient copy editor.
In responding to Elizabeth’s numerous queries and comments I had the
invaluable assistance of Rosanna Sharkey, without whose help, both at
the computer and at home, it would have been difficult to survive
Michaelmas term 2005.
Life would be unthinkable without my wife, Becky Conekin. I am
immensely grateful to her for sustaining me for what is now a very long
time. My sense of adult self is too deeply rooted in our relationship and
xvi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
day-to-day partnership for me to be able to think of a book, even a book
as large and personally significant as this, as more than a part of a much
larger whole of which she is the sustaining centre. For this I am deeply
grateful and I am pleased that this book does not stand alone, but is
framed by so many other things in our lives – Becky’s first book and
many other projects, our new home and, most of all, the upbringing of
our daughter Edith Elizabeth, the light of both our lives. As a marvellously opinionated pre-schooler, Edie is healthily sceptical about all of
her daddy’s obsessions. One can only hope that her generation will be
freer of this awful history than those born within a few short decades
of 1945. I am however, given to looking backwards and this book is
dedicated to my maternal grandparents, Peggy Wynn and the late Arthur
Wynn, two people who lived through virtually all of the twentieth
century with an extraordinary degree of sustained and passionate
engagement. Their generosity, their hospitality, their curiosity and their
vigorous intellectual and practical activity have inspired me all my life.
This dedication is a small token of the admiration and gratitude I feel
towards them.
xvii
List of Frequently Used Abbreviations
AEG
BAL
BDM
Brabag
DAF
DKE
DNVP
DP
DVP
GBA
GM
IMT
KdF
NSDAP
OKW
PPP
RFM
RKF
RLM
RNS
RSHA
RVE
RWE
RWM
SA
SD
VE
Vestag
Allgemeine Elektrizitaets Gesellschaft
Bundesarchiv Lichterfelde
Bund deutscher Maedel
Braunkohlenbenzin AG
Deutsche Arbeitsfront (German Labour Front)
Deutsche Kleinempfaenger
Deutschnationale Volkspartei (Nationalist party)
displaced person
Deutsche Volkspartei (National-Liberal party)
Generalbevollmaechtigter fuer den Arbeitseinsatz
General Motors
International Military Tribunal
Kraft durch Freude (Strength through Joy)
National sozialistische deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Oberkommando Wehrmacht
Purchasing Power Parity
Reichsfinanzministerium (Finance Ministry)
Reichskommissar fuer die Festigung deutschen Volkstums
Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Air Ministry)
Reichsnaehrstand
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Reichsvereinigung Eisen
Rheinisch-Westfaelische Elektrizitaetswerke
Reichswirtschaftsministerium (Ministry of Economic Affairs)
Sturmabteilungen
Sicherheitsdienst
Volksempfaenger
Vereinigte Stahlwerke
xviii
Preface
How was this possible? In 1938 the Third Reich embarked on Germany’s
second campaign of conquest and destruction in less than a generation.
At first, Hitler’s Wehrmacht seemed unstoppable, better prepared and
more aggressive than the Kaiser’s armies. But as Hitler charged from
victory to victory, his enemies multiplied. For the second time, a German
bid to dominate the continent of Europe ran up against overwhelming
opposition. By December 1941 the Third Reich was at war not only
with the British Empire and the Soviet Union but with the United States
as well. It took three years and five months, but in the end Hitler went
down to a defeat far more cataclysmic than that which felled the Kaiser.
Germany, along with large swathes of the rest of Eastern and Western
Europe, was left in ruins. Poland and the western Soviet Union were
practically eviscerated. France and Italy lurched perilously close to civil
war. The overseas empires of Britain, France and the Netherlands were
shaken beyond repair. And as the world learned of the extraordinary
genocide committed…
Purchase answer to see full
attachment