United States Drug Abuse Drug Misuse and Drug Dependency Paper Think about the terms drug abuse, drug misuse, and drug dependency. Have you ever know anyon

United States Drug Abuse Drug Misuse and Drug Dependency Paper Think about the terms drug abuse, drug misuse, and drug dependency. Have you ever know anyone (including yourself) who has had any of these problems? How did this problem affect this person’s personal life and the relationship with his/her friends and family? Make sure to look in Course Documents for the Turnitin grading rubric.

Follow links bellow for siting and formatting, also the rubric attachment to refer to the assignment structure and requirements

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Modules:

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Lecture:

http://video.sdsu.edu/nas/capture/2015/jhall/Women… Rubric for Turitin Assignments
Grammar/spelling/punctuation/paragraph structure: 3 points
Correct citation: Correct citation with in the paragraph and correct reference citation:2
points
Reference w/in 5 years from a professional journal, website, or textbook:2 points
Must be at least 300 words: 3 points
201-299
2 point
150-200 words
1 point
Less than 150 words
0 points
1. Your word count should be 300 points, without headings, references etc. In
other words, the paper itself needs to be 300 words minimum.
2. When handing in an assignment you do not need a cover page. Type your response
in the space provided.
3. We need to be able to verify references. If there is an error message or a log in page
points will be taken off. Do not cite a URL for the library for a particular article. It will only
show a log in page when accessed. If your reference is from a library you need to
download the article and attach it to the post.
•
Be careful copying and pasting URL’s and DOI’s. Make sure you have done so
correctly.
4. When you are citing your textbook with in the paper you need to cite it completely.
Saying “the text” or “our text” is unacceptable. The year of publication needs to be
stated after the authors regardless of the source you are using, in other words any book
not just your text.
5. Use your APA resources in course documents, and look at Guidelines for Written
Work in your syllabus.
6. These are some UNACCEPTABLE references: Forb’s Magazine, Time Magazine,
Men or Women’s fitness, Newsweek, New York Times, any other lay newspaper or
magazine, in print or online. Television stations and T.V. news outlets. ANY Blog, any
source that is used for advertising.
•
If you are unsure email the instructor.
ETOH
Reading:
Alexander Chapter 13
Fact Sheets
Video
Outcomes:
1. Explain the relationship between women, especially college women, and
their use of alcohol
2. Classify and describe the types of female drinkers in the United States.
3. Explain the effects of alcohol on the body.
4. Describe the special concerns and responsibilities of women related to
drinking alcohol.
5. Describe how alcohol is absorbed into the body and how this absorption
relates to blood alcohol concentration.
6. Calculate one’s blood alcohol level (BAC) according to one’s weight,
number of drinks, and time spent drinking.
7. Explain the potential health, social, financial and legal consequences of
alcohol abuse.
8. Identify negative effects that the abuse of alcohol can produce upon the
physical, behavioral, psychological, and societal aspects as well as upon
relationships in the lives of women.
9. Describe the serious consequences between the use of alcohol during
pregnancy and the negative effects upon the fetus and infant.
10. Describe the process of addiction and alcoholism and recovery in women.
11. Identify the appropriate resources to assist alcoholic women and their
families
1
Excessive Alcohol Use and Risks to Men’s Health
Men are more likely than women to drink excessively. Excessive drinking is associated with
significant increases in short-term risks to health and safety, and the risk increases as the amount
of drinking increases. Men are also more likely than women to take other risks (e.g., drive fast or
without a safety belt), when combined with excessive drinking, further increasing their risk of
injury or death.1-4
Drinking levels for men
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Approximately 63% of adult men reported drinking alcohol in the last 30 days. Men
(24%) were two times more likely to binge drink than women during the same time
period.5
Men average about 12.5 binge drinking episodes per person per year, while women
average about 2.7 binge drinking episodes per year.3
Most people who binge drink are not alcoholics or alcohol dependent.6
It is estimated that about 17% of men and about 8% of women will meet criteria for
alcohol dependence at some point in their lives.7
Injuries and deaths as a result of excessive alcohol use
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Men consistently have higher rates of alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations than
women.1,8,9
Among drivers in fatal motor-vehicle traffic crashes, men are almost twice as likely as
women to have been intoxicated (i.e., a blood alcohol concentration of 0.08% or
greater).10
Excessive alcohol consumption increases aggression and, as a result, can increase the risk
of physically assaulting another person.11
Men are more likely than women to commit suicide, and more likely to have been
drinking prior to committing suicide.12-14
Reproductive Health and Sexual Function
Excessive alcohol use can interfere with testicular function and male hormone production
resulting in impotence, infertility, and reduction of male secondary sex characteristics such as
facial and chest hair.15,16
Excessive alcohol use is commonly involved in sexual assault.17 Also, alcohol use by men
increases the chances of engaging in risky sexual activity including unprotected sex, sex with
multiple partners, or sex with a partner at risk for sexually transmitted diseases.4
Cancer
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, liver, and
colon in men.18-20
There are a number of health conditions affected by excessive alcohol use that affect both men
and women. Some additional conditions are covered in the Alcohol Use and Health Fact Sheet.
References:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol-Related Disease Impact
(ARDI). Atlanta, GA: CDC.
2. Levy DT, Mallonee S, Miller TR, Smith GS, Spicer RS, Romano EO, Fisher DA.
Alcohol involvement in burn, submersion, spinal cord, and brain injuries. Med Sci Monit
2004; 10(1):CR17–24.
3. Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Mokdad A, Clark D, Serdula MK, Marks JS. Binge Drinking
Among US Adults. JAMA 2003; 289(1):70–75.
4. Nolen-Hoeksema S. Gender differences in risk factors and consequences for alcohol use
and problems. Clinical Psychology Review 2004;24:981.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
prevalence data. Atlanta, GA: CDC.
6. Esser MB, Hedden SL, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Gfroerer JC, Naimi TS. Prevalence of
Alcohol Dependence Among US Adult Drinkers, 2009–2011. Prev Chronic Dis
2014;11:140329.
7. Hasin DS, Stinson FS, Ogburn E, Grant BF. Prevalence, correlates, disability, and
comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States. Arch Gen
Psychiatry. 2007;64:830-842.
8. Minino AM, Heron MP, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD. Deaths: final data for 2004 [PDF
3.37MB]. National Vital Statistics Report, Volume 55, No. 19, August 21, 2007.
Hyattsville, MD: CDC National Center for Health Statistics.
9. Chen CM, Yi H. Trends in alcohol-related morbidity among short-stay community
hospital discharges, United States, 1979–2005 [PDF 1.78MB]. Bethesda, MD: National
Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. NIAAA
Surveillance Report #80, 2007.
10. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic Safety Facts 2006 [PDF
990KB]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics & Analysis. DOT HS 810 818,
2008.
11. Scott KD, Schafer J, Greenfield TK. The roles of alcohol in physical assault perpetration
and victimization. J Stud Alcohol 1999;60:528–536.
12. Hayward l, Zubrick SR, Silburn S. Blood alcohol levels in suicide cases. J Epidemiol
Community Health 1992;46(3):256–260.
13. May PA, Van Winkle NW, Williams MB, McFeeley PJ, DeBruyn LM, Serna P. Alcohol
and suicide death among American Indians of New Mexico: 1980-1998. Suicide Life
Threat Behav 2002;32(3):240–255.
14. Suokas J, Suominen K, Lonnqvist J. Chronic alcohol problems among suicide
attempters—post-mortem findings of a 14-year follow-up. Nord J Psychiatry
2005;59(1):45–50.
15. Adler RA. Clinically important effects of alcohol on endocrine function. Journal of
Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1992;74(5):957–960.
16. Emanuele MA, Emanuele NV. Alcohol’s effects on male reproduction. Alcohol Research
and Health 1998; 22(3):195–201.
17. Abbey A. Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students. J
Stud Alcohol Suppl 2002;14:118–128.
18. American Cancer Society. Alcohol and Cancer [PDF–181KB]. Atlanta, GA: American
Cancer Society; 2006.
19. Donato F, Tagger A, Chiesa R, Ribero ML, Tomasoni V, Fasola M, et al. Hepatitis B and
C virus infection, alcohol drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma: a case-control study in
Italy. Hepatology 1997;26(3):579–584.
20. Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, et al. on behalf of the WHO International
Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group. Carcinogenicity of
alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:292-293.
Fact Sheets – Underage Drinking
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Underage Drinking
Alcohol use by persons under age 21 years is a major public health problem.1 Alcohol is the most
commonly used and abused drug among youth in the United States, more than tobacco and illicit
drugs1, and is responsible for more than 4,300 annual deaths among underage youth2. Although
drinking by persons under the age of 21 is illegal, people aged 12 to 20 years drink 11% of all
alcohol consumed in the United States.3 More than 90% of this alcohol is consumed in the form
of binge drinks.3 On average, underage drinkers consume more drinks per drinking occasion than
adult drinkers.4 In 2010, there were approximately 189,000 emergency rooms visits by persons
under age 21 for injuries and other conditions linked to alcohol.5
Drinking Levels among Youth
The 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Survey6 found that among high school students, during the past
30 days
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35% drank some amount of alcohol.
21% binge drank.
10% drove after drinking alcohol.
22% rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol.
Other national surveys
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In 2012 the National Survey on Drug Use and Health reported that 24% of youth aged 12
to 20 years drink alcohol and 15% reported binge drinking.7
In 2013, the Monitoring the Future Survey reported that 28% of 8th graders and 68% of
12th graders had tried alcohol, and 10% of 8th graders and 39% of 12th graders drank
during the past month.8
Consequences of Underage Drinking
Youth who drink alcohol 1, 4, 9 are more likely to experience
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School problems, such as higher absence and poor or failing grades.
Social problems, such as fighting and lack of participation in youth activities.
Legal problems, such as arrest for driving or physically hurting someone while drunk.
Physical problems, such as hangovers or illnesses.
Unwanted, unplanned, and unprotected sexual activity.
Disruption of normal growth and sexual development.
Physical and sexual assault.
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Higher risk for suicide and homicide.
Alcohol-related car crashes and other unintentional injuries, such as burns, falls, and
drowning.
Memory problems.
Abuse of other drugs.
Changes in brain development that may have life-long effects.
Death from alcohol poisoning.
In general, the risk of youth experiencing these problems is greater for those who binge drink
than for those who do not binge drink.9
Youth who start drinking before age 15 years are five times more likely to develop alcohol
dependence or abuse later in life than those who begin drinking at or after age 21 years.10, 11
Prevention of Underage Drinking
Reducing underage drinking will require community-based efforts to monitor the activities of
youth and decrease youth access to alcohol. Recent publications by the Surgeon General1 and the
Institute of Medicine4 outlined many prevention strategies that will require actions on the
national, state, and local levels, such as enforcement of minimum legal drinking age laws,
national media campaigns targeting youth and adults, increasing alcohol excise taxes, reducing
youth exposure to alcohol advertising, and development of comprehensive community-based
programs. These efforts will require continued research and evaluation to determine their success
and to improve their effectiveness.
References:
1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to
Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services; 2007.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Alcohol-Related Disease Impact
(ARDI). Atlanta, GA: CDC.
3. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Drinking in America: Myths,
Realities, and Prevention Policy [PDF-1.08MB]. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention, 2005.
4. Bonnie RJ and O’Connell ME, editors. National Research Council and Institute of
Medicine, Reducing Underage Drinking: A Collective Responsibility. Committee on
Developing a Strategy to Reduce and Prevent Underage Drinking. Division of Behavioral
and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press,
2004.
5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral
Health Statistics and Quality. The DAWN Report: Highlights of the 2010 Drug Abuse
Warning Network (DAWN) Findings on Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits
[PDF-410KB]. Rockville, MD; 2012.
6. Kann L, Kinchen SA, Shanklin S,et al. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United
States, 2013 [PDF-3.46MB]. CDC Morb Mort Surveil Summ 2014;63(SS-04):1–168.
7. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2012
National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings [PDF-3.16MB]
(NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. SMA 13-4795). Rockville, MD: Substance
Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013.
8. Johnston, L D, O’Malley P M, Bachman, J G, & Schulenberg J E. “Monitoring the Future
national results on drug use: 2013 Overview- of key findings on Adolescent Drug Use
[PDF 3.37 MB] Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of
Michigan.
9. Miller JW, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Jones SE. Binge drinking and associated health risk
behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics 2007;119:76–85.
10. Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: age
at onset, duration, and severity. Pediatrics 2006;160:739–746.
11. Office of Applied Studies. The NSDUH Report: Alcohol Dependence or Abuse and Age
at First Use. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, October 2004.
Fact Sheets – Excessive Alcohol Use and Risks
to Women’s Health
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Excessive Alcohol Use and Risks to Women’s Health
Although men are more likely to drink alcohol and drink in larger amounts, gender differences in
body structure and chemistry cause women to absorb more alcohol, and take longer to break it
down and remove it from their bodies (i.e., to metabolize it). In other words, upon drinking equal
amounts, women have higher alcohol levels in their blood than men, and the immediate effects
occur more quickly and last longer. These differences also make women more vulnerable to
alcohol’s long-term effects on their health.1
Reproductive Health
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National surveys show that about 1 in 2 women of child-bearing age (i.e., aged 18–44
years) use alcohol, and 15% of women who drink alcohol in this age group binge drink.2
About 7.6% of pregnant women used alcohol.2
Excessive drinking may disrupt menstrual cycling and increase the risk of infertility,
miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature delivery.3, 4
Women who binge drink are more likely to have unprotected sex and multiple sex
partners. These activities increase the risks of unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted
diseases.5,6
Alcohol and Pregnancy
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Women who drink alcohol while pregnant increase their risk of having a baby with Fetal
Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The most severe form is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS), which causes mental retardation and birth defects.
FASD are completely preventable if a woman does not drink while pregnant or while she
may become pregnant.
Studies have shown that about 1 of 20 pregnant women drank excessively before finding
out they were pregnant.7 No amount of alcohol is safe to drink during pregnancy. For
women who drink during pregnancy, stopping as soon as possible may lower the risk of
having a child with physical, mental, or emotional problems.
Research suggests that women who drink alcohol while pregnant are more likely to have
a baby die from Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). This risk substantially increases
if a woman binge drinks during her first trimester of pregnancy.8
The risk of miscarriage is also increased if a woman drinks excessively during her first
trimester of pregnancy.9
Other Health Concerns
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Liver Disease: The risk of cirrhosis and other alcohol-related liver diseases is higher for
women than for men.10
Impact on the Brain: Excessive drinking may result in memory loss and shrinkage of
the brain. Research suggests that women are more vulnerable than men to the brain
damaging effects of excessive alcohol use, and the damage tends to appear with shorter
periods of excessive drinking for women than for men.11,12
Impact on the Heart: Studies have shown that women who drink excessively are at
increased risk for damage to the heart muscle than men even for women drinking at lower
levels.13
Cancer: Alcohol consumption increases the risk of cancer of the mouth, throat,
esophagus, liver, colon, and breast among women. The risk of breast cancer increases as
alcohol use increases.14-17
Sexual Assault: Binge drinking is a risk factor for sexual assault, especially among
young women in college settings. Each year, about 1 in 20 college women are sexually
assaulted. Research suggests that there is an increase in the risk of rape or sexual assault
when both the attacker and victim have used alcohol prior to the attack.18, 19
References:
1. Ashley MJ, Olin JS, le Riche WH, Kornaczewski A, Schmidt W, Rankin JG. Morbidity
in alcoholics. Evidence for accelerated development of physical disease in women. Arch
Intern Med 1977;137(7):883–887.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol use and binge drinking among
women of childbearing age – United States, 2006-2010. MMWR 2012;61:534-538.
3. Mendelson JH, Mello NK. Chronic alcohol effects on anterior pituitary and ovarian
hormones in healthy women. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;245(2):407–412.
4. Wilsnack SC, Klassen AD, Wilsnack RW. Drinking and reproductive dysfunction among
women in a 1981 national survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1984;8(5):451–458.
5. Naimi TS, Lipscomb LE, Brewer RD, Gilbert BC. Binge drinking in the preconception
period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: Implications for women and their children.
Pediatrics 2003;111(5):1136–1141.
6. Thomas AG, Brodine SK, Shaffer R, Shafer MA, Boyer CB, Putnam S, et al. Chlamydial
infection and unplanned pregnancy in women with ready access to health care. Obstet
Gynecol 2001;98(6):1117–1123.
7. Floyd RL, Decoufle P, Hungerford DW. Alcohol use prior to pregnancy recognition. Am
J Prev Med 1999;17(2):101–107.
8. Iyasu S, Randall LL, Welty TK, et al. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome
among northern plains Indians. JAMA 2002;288(21):2717–2723.
9. Kesmodel U, Wisborg K, Olsen SF, Henriksen TB, Sechler NJ. Moderate alcohol intake
in pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion . Alcohol & Alcoholism
2002;37(1):87–92.
10. Loft S, Olesen KL, Dossing M. Increased susceptibility to liver disease in relation to
alcohol consumption in women. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987;22(10):1251–1256.
11. Hommer DW, Momenan R, Kaiser E, Rawlings RR. Evidence for a gender-related effect
of alcoholism on brain volumes. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:198–204.
12. Mann K, Batra A, Gunthner A, Schroth G. Do women develop alcoholic br…
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