Understanding Personality Type Subtleties to Refine Relationships Questions The theory of psychological types by C. G. Jung (1921) places value on percepti

Understanding Personality Type Subtleties to Refine Relationships Questions The theory of psychological types by C. G. Jung (1921) places value on perception, judgment, and attitudes. Later, the theory is used as the basis of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator® (MBTI®), which assigns up to 16 MBTI Personality Types, according to postulated dichotomies.

Research suggests understanding personality type subtleties can be useful in refine relationships. In this question, review introvert-extrovert dichotomy and answer the following:

Compare and contrast the two personality traits.
Do you believe that you are an introvert or extrovert?
How does this particular personality trait affect personal relationships?
How does this particular personality trait affect professional relationships?
Is this a fixed personality trait or does it experience changes?

Respond to this question with a minimum of 350 words, in addition to citing the uploaded course textbook Manning, G., Curtis, K., McMillen, S., and Attenweiler, B. (2011). Stress living & working in a changing world, there must also be 2 scholarly sources from the Library in http://bethelu.libguides.com/coursematerials, please reference from this site if used. Please select course number/name that matches this course. MOD2620_96N.

In reference to source use, try to make sure we are utilizing Bethel University Library scholarly sources and display the DOI or Permalink from the Bethel University “Cite” button displays. The DOI/Permalink (i.e. retrieved from address) provides a direct link to the source which allows the reader to quickly refer to the source utilized and is an APA formatting requirement for citing scholarly journals & articles. Source use is 10% of your discuss grade which includes APA formatting, if source requirements are met, and the level of source integration. Additionally, verify in-text citations are in APA style, such as needing to encase directly quoted words or phrases with quotation marks and only needing to provide the page or paragraph number if providing direct quotes or jargon. PartSFive:
A
Interpersonal
Stress
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N
D
E
12. Our Social
Nature
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S
13. Healthy Relationships
S
R
.
,
14. No One is an Island
The best marriages, like the best lives, are both happy and unhappy. There is
G tautness between the partners that
even a kind of necessary tension, a certain
gives the marriage strength. Like theA
tautness of a full sail, you go forward in
it.—Anne Morrow Lindbergh
In part five you will learn:
R
R
Y
ƒƒ the importance of human relationships;
ƒƒ the characteristics of a healthy relationship;
2
ƒƒ how to build relationships based on trust
0 and respect.
9
What is the “Take Away” Point? 0
ƒƒ Develop positive relationships based on mutual understanding, trust, and respect.
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
Chapter Twelve
Our Social Nature
Social interaction
S
Hans Selye, after years of research on the causes
A and consequences of stress, was often asked
about the implications of his work on how to live a healthy and worthwhile life. His view is
U earn thy neighbor’s love.”1
captured in the expression altruistic egoism—“to
N
Selye drew on basic biology to arrive at his conclusions. People are essentially self-serving.
D
That is, there is a fundamental force in all living creatures that ensures survival and growth.
Yet, human beings have survived and grownE
as a species only through cooperation and commitment to the welfare of others. Thus it is biologically
natural to balance concern for self with
R
consideration for others.
S
I expect to pass through life but once. If, therefore, there be any kindness I can
show, or any good I can do for any fellow human being, let me do it now, for I
S
shall not pass this way again.
R
.
One of the best examples of the health and longevity
benefits of altruism comes from the life
,
—William Penn
of John D. Rockefeller. As a young man, Rockefeller entered the business world and drove
himself so hard that by the age of thirty-three he had earned his first million dollars. Ten years
later, he owned the world’s largest business,G
Standard Oil. By the age of fifty-three, he was
the world’s first billionaire. During the process
A he developed Alopecia, a condition in which
his hair fell out, his digestion was so poor that all he could eat was crackers and milk, and he
R
was plagued by insomnia. His doctors agreed that he wouldn’t live another year. Then, John
D. Rockefeller changed. He began to think ofR
and care about the welfare of others. He decided
to use his wealth for the benefit of others. HeYfounded hospitals and universities and a myriad
of missions to help his fellow man. When Rockefeller began helping others, he helped himself
as well. For the first time in years, he was able to eat and sleep normally. He felt renewed. He
2 but his ninety-eighth birthday too, giving and
lived to see not only his fifty-fourth birthday,
2
caring for others.
0
People need to be needed—it gives purpose to9life and a reason to live. Caring for and protecting others—children, pets, and other loved ones—is
a powerful motivator that allows one to
0
persevere against adversity and overcome obstacles.
T
S
A case from history shows that social interaction
is necessary for the very survival of the
young human being. In the thirteenth century, Emperor Frederick II conducted an experiment
recorded by a medieval historian in these terms:
His folly was that he wanted to find out what kind and manner of speech
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
children would have when they grew up if they spoke to no person beforehand.
So he bade foster mothers and nurses to suckle the children, to bathe and wash
them, but in no way to play with them or to speak to them; for he wanted to
learn whether they would speak the Hebrew language, which was the oldest;
or Greek, Latin, or Arabic; or perhaps the language of their parents, of whom
they had been born. But he labored in vain, because all of the children died.
They could not live without the petting and the joyful faces and loving words
of their foster mothers.3
This example, as well as results from modernSstudies, shows that life itself depends on social
relationships. Evidence of the importance of human interaction comes from studies of children
A
who have been deliberately isolated from human contact by their own families. Usually, they
Uall of these cases, the children are underdevelhave been locked in an attic room or cellar. In
oped in the areas of motor skills, speech, andN
socialization. Attempts to socialize them usually
result in extremely slow progress, and death often occurs at a very early age. Consider the case
D
of Anna:
E
Anna was discovered at the age of six.
RShe had been born illegitimate, and her
grandfather had insisted that she be hidden from the world in an attic room.
S
Anna received a bare minimum of physical
care and attention and had virtually no opportunities for social interaction. When she was found, she could
not talk, walk, keep herself clean, orSfeed herself; she was totally apathetic,
expressionless, and indifferent to human beings. In fact, those who worked
with her believed at first that she wasR
deaf and possibly blind as well.
.
Attempts to socialize Anna had only limited success. The girl died four and
, she was able to learn some words and
a half years later, but during that time,
phrases, although she could never speak complete sentences. She also learned
to use building blocks, string beads, G
wash her hands, brush her teeth, follow
directions, and treat a doll with affection. She learned to walk, but could run
Aat almost eleven, Anna had reached the
only clumsily. By the time of her death
level of socialization of a child of twoRor three.
R was a human organism who had
Kingsley Davis (1948) comments: “Here
Y Her condition shows how little her
missed nearly six years of socialization.
purely biological resources, when acting alone, could contribute to making her
a complete person.”4
2
The importance of touch on the development
0 of a healthy brain and well adjusted child has
been well-documented by neuroscientists. The denial of a caregiver’s touch has serious bio9
chemical consequences on the baby, affecting reaction to stress and lowering the level of men0
tal and motor ability.
T
S
People need people, especially in times of stress.
Social support and health
The cardiac care nurse called at 3:30 A.M. One of Mary’s bypasses broke,
and she was being rushed back to surgery. The surgeon told me that her heart
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
stopped three times—in the recovery room, on the way to surgery, and on the
operating table. A staff member who resuscitated Mary was recognized for her
life-saving action. However, Mary went into a coma for six weeks following
the emergency surgery. During this period, they attempted to take her off the
ventilator. When it was discovered that she could not breathe on her own, I
received another 3:00 A.M. call requesting permission to put her back on the
ventilator. Obviously, I wanted to know her condition since she did not want
to just exist; she wanted to live. With the assurance of a truly caring surgeon,
I gave permission for the ventilator hook-up and Mary is alive and well. The
S by a competent, caring, and understress of this situation was greatly lessened
standing medical team. —Author’s file
A note (K. C.)
U States in particular, is too much into acquiring
Many argue that the Western world, the United
objects and getting things done, and not enough
N into caring about people and relating with
others. In The Different Drum, Scott Peck writes:
D
We are all, in reality, interdependent.EThroughout the ages, the greatest leaders of all of the religions have taughtR
us that the journey of growth is the path
out of and away from narcissism, toward a state of being in which our identity
S
merges with that of humanity.5
The health consequences of social support have been well documented. The bulk of evidence
S support live longer, even when other potential
shows that individuals with high levels of social
causal factors such as initial health status, social
R class, smoking, alcohol consumption, level of
physical activity, weight, and race have been .controlled or matched.6 Also, they are less likely
to be depressed and more likely to report high levels of life satisfaction or happiness.7 Finally,
,
they are less likely to respond to stressful experiences
with either physical illness or emotional
8
disturbance.
In a major research project, L. F. Berkman G
followed the health histories of seven thousand
A years. She gathered statistics on factors such
residents of Alameda County, California, for nine
as contacts with friends and relatives, marital R
status, group membership, and attendance at religious services. Berkman found that those with the fewest social connections faced the greatest
Rtimes higher than those individuals who mainrisk of dying, with mortality rates two to three
Y Figure 12.1.
tained high levels of social connectedness.9 See
Social intimacy
2 show that the intimacy of relationships is a
Studies of social support in stressful conditions
key variable. Adults with emotionally supportive
0 relationships are less likely to respond to
stress with illness than are adults without such support. Dean Ornish, author of Programs for
9
Reversing Heart Disease, writes:
0
Anything that promotes a sense of isolation leads to chronic stress and, often,
T
to illnesses. . . . Conversely, anything that leads to . . . intimacy and feelings
S sense of the word: to bring together,
of connection can be healing in the real
to make whole. The ability to be intimate . . . [is] a key to emotional health . .
. [and is] essential to the health of our hearts as well.10
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
12.1 Predictability of Death Risk Based on Social Network
A person’s social network is predictive of the risk of death over the next decade, an example of
the potency of the impact of social support on health. At every age, men and women with the
most social support are less likely to die than those with the least social support.
(a) Men
(b) Women
40
39.4
Percentage died from all causes
35
S
A
U
N
D
E
R
S
35
S
R
.
88 ,33
10
33.0
30.8
30
26.3
25
21.8
20
18.2
15
10
5
9.6
2.4
3.1 5.3
12.1
6.1
N = 457 450 396 99 197 157 121 26 110 95
40
Total
(1402)
(501)
(387)
Age=
30-49
50-59
60-69
29.4
30
25
20
17.7
16.7
15.3
15
6.9
5
8.0
7.3
1.5 2.0
4.3
9.7
4.9
460 402 514 159 122 112 188 59
(1535)
(574)
30-49
50-59
93 78 158 58
(387)
60-69
G
IV Most social connections
II
A
III
I Least social connections
R
An important report published in Science reviewed the mounting evidence that social intimacy
helps people deal with illness. According toR
James House, one of the authors of this article,
“It’s the 10 to 20 percent of people who say they
Y have nobody with whom they can share their
private feelings, or who have close contact with others less than once a week, who are at most
risk.”11
2
The report states that social isolation is as significant to mortality rates as smoking, high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and lack of 0
physical exercise. In fact, when age is adjusted for,
9 even a greater one than, smoking. The evidence
social isolation is as great a mortality risk as, or
12
linking social support to health is roughly as strong
0 as the evidence linking smoking to cancer.
Duke University researchers have confirmedTthe importance of social intimacy on health. In
a nine-year follow-up study of 1,368 patientsSinitially admitted for cardiac catheterization to
diagnose heart disease, they found that those patients with neither a spouse nor a friend were
three times more likely to die than those involved in a caring, communicative relationship.
Interestingly, although women in general benefit more from social support than men do, men
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
benefit more from marriage.13 Although the death of a spouse is associated with increased risk
of mortality for both men and women, losing a spouse is particularly impactful for men.14
What is important is having a relationship in which you can communicate and share your feelings. Although there is evidence that simply having a number of social contacts can be good for
one’s health, a close, intimate relationship has the most powerful healing effect.15 In creating
and preserving intimacy, listening is the most important of all communication skills. Listening
in a nonjudgmental and supportive manner is evidence of respect and shows one cares.16.
The role of the family
S
George Burns once said, “Happiness is having a large, close-knit family in another city.” On
A the number-one source of satisfaction worlda serious note, in different shapes and sizes, still
wide is having a family.17
U
Researchers Nick Stinnett and John DeFrainNdescribe strong families this way: strong famiD members treat each other in beneficial ways.
lies are pleasant, positive places to live because
Family members can count on each other forE
support, love, and loyalty. They can talk to each
other, and they enjoy each other. Strong families are places we enter for comfort, development,
and regeneration, and places from which weRgo forth renewed and charged with power for
S
positive living.18
As society has changed over time, so has the family. Fewer than 10 percent of the population
S husband, homemaker wife, and two children.
now live in traditional families with a working
More than half of the children born in 1990 will
R spend at least one year living in a single-parent
household before they reach age 18. Three of every ten households consist of “blended” fami.
lies formed by two divorced people who remarry.19
,
Of all the social variables, the single most potent in predicting overall life satisfaction is a
person’s satisfaction with family relationships. National surveys show the correlation between
satisfaction with family life and overall life G
satisfaction is in the range of .40 to .45, which
means that as much as 15 to 20 percent of theAvariation in happiness is attributable to this feature of life.20
R
Satisfaction with family relationships is a better
R predictor of overall life satisfaction than other
key aspects of adult life, such as one’s work. This is true even among highly educated people,
Y
for whom work commitment is typically high. In his autobiography, former Chrysler chairman
Lee Iacocca makes this point: “Yes, I’ve had a wonderful and successful career. But next to my
family, it really hasn’t mattered at all.”21
2
0
It is interesting to note that 10 percent of Americans
say they frequently feel lonely. As antidote
to this, 64 percent talk to family members first
9 when they have a problem. The great majority
of human ills are never seen by a doctor; the real primary care is provided by one’s family.
0
The top five stresses faced by families are: T
finances and budgeting, children’s behavior and
discipline, insufficient couple time, lack of shared
S responsibility and work load, and communi-
cation with children. Regarding number five, comfort is provided by child development expert
Benjamin Spock who said: Children despise their parents until age forty, when they suddenly
become just like them—thus preserving the system. Interpersonal principles that help families
cope with stress are as follows: problems are acknowledged, flexibility is evident, love and
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
affection are present, communication is open, and mistakes are forgiven.22
What does a family need to be effective? What qualities help its members deal with the stress of
the external world as well as the demands of family life—disputes, disagreements, foibles, and
finances? Author Jane Howard identifies eleven characteristics of effective families.23
Application: Family Report Card
S
Evaluate a real-life family on eleven key characteristics
using the following guide: A = excellent; B = very good; C = average; D = needs improvement;
F = dysfunctional.
A
1. There is love; that is, members show U
love and affection for one another. _____
N
D
There is an anchor; that is, there is someone
who keeps track of what the others are
E
doing. _____
R
S or a town or some other place to which memThere is a place; that is, there is a house
2. There is authority; that is, there are parents who make final decisions. _____
3.
4.
bers feel connected. _____
S
5. There is ritual; that is, members celebrate
holidays, grieve at funerals, and in other
ways experience a sense of tradition.R
_____
.
6. There is safety; that is, members are secure
in the knowledge others will provide com,
fort and protection. _____
7. There is competence; that is, when problems arise, they are dealt with quickly and efG
fectively. _____
A
8. There is continuity; that is, members feel as though something came before them and
something will continue after them toRwhich they are linked. _____
R
9. There is honor; that is, all members are valued and cared for. Their experience and
Y
wisdom are respected. _____
10. There is work; that is, all lend a hand2to do household chores, make a pleasant home,
and provide economic security. _____
0
11. There is talk; that is, conversation is rich
9 as members say what they think and listen to
each other. _____
0
T
Scoring and interpretation
S code: A = 4; B = 3; C = 2; D = 1; F = 0. Add
To determine a grade point, use the following
the points for the eleven items and divide by 11. The interpretation is: 3.5–4.0 = A, excellent;
2.5–3.4 = B, very good; 1.5–2.4 = C, average; 0.5–1.4 = D, needs improvement; 0.0–0.4 = F,
dysfunctional.
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Part Five: Interpersonal Stress / Chapter Twelve: Our Social Nature
Discussion
If improvement is needed for family effectiveness, time should be taken to have a family conversation around six key questions: (1) What are the positive forces that are helping the family? (2) What are the negative forces that are hindering the family? (3) What should be done to
reinforce family strengths? (4) What should be done to correct low areas? (5) What action steps
should the family take? (6) How should we monitor progress? All family members should participate—as the saying goes, if you want people in the landing they have to be in the take off.
The need for love
The fundamental truth about our individual S
lives is the indispensability of love to every human being. Love is relatedness to some treasured
A person or group, the feeling of belonging to
a larger whole or being of value to others. In The Ways and Power of Love, Pitirim Sorokin
U
describes the importance of love:
N
Love has enormous creative and therapeutic potentialities, far greater than
D
most people think. Love is a life-giving force, necessary for mental, moral,
24
E
and even physical health.
R
Erich Fromm wrote that love develops from our awareness of separateness and the need to
S He stressed the point that the only healthy
overcome anxiety that this separateness brings.
union is one in which the integrity of the individual is not threatened. Although one can achieve
a feeling of belonging through dependence upon others or through conformity to the group,
S
in so doing individuality is surrendered. Only in mature love can the sense of relatedness be
achieved without the loss of individuality andR
integrity of either person. Immature love says, “I
love you because I need you.” Mature love says,
. “I need you because I love you.”
In his classic book The Art of Loving, Fromm, writes:
Beyond the element of giving, the active character of love becomes evident
G basic elements. . . . These are care,
in the fact t…
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