UCSD Endocrine System Physiology and a Overview of Metabolism Lab Report I did provide you with pictures of the endocrine lab papers and the activities fro

UCSD Endocrine System Physiology and a Overview of Metabolism Lab Report I did provide you with pictures of the endocrine lab papers and the activities from 1-4 would be on the first picture I sent. It’s chart #1 pg 45 and it’s due Monday morning

Produce a lab report for the PhysioEx Endocrine System Physiology (Activities 1-4) from lab. I am providing you an outline, but your report should be in nonnumeric, paragraph form.

1. Write an Introduction Section (2 or 3 paragraphs). A brief overview of metabolism should be included in this section. Make sure to include brief explanations of the role of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and thyroid in metabolism.State the purpose of the metabolic rate activities.

2. Methods. Write 2-3 paragraphs which give an overview of how you did your experiment.

Write a paragraph describing your test rats. How are they similar and how are they different?

Write a paragraph explaining the establishment of baseline metabolic rates.

Write a paragraph which gives a general overview of how you used the methods and data from baseline metabolic rates to study the effects of thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone, and propylthiouracil.

3. Results. Include a table which summarizes the data from activity 1 and a bar chart which summarizes your activity 1-4 metabolic rate data for each rat. Make sure to follow the guideline from our first lab when constructing the bar graph.

4. Summary (3-4 paragraphs) Write a short summary discussing the actual results of your experiment. Refer to your table and graph and point out any important data. If your actual experimental results did not match your expected results, write a paragraphsuggesting one reason your actual results might have been different from the expected results. Endocrine System Physiology
45
Chart 1
Normal Rat
Thyroidectomized Rat
Baseline
Hypophysectomized Rat
Weight
2.244grams
zusgrams
ml O2 used in 1 minute
3.4 mi
6.2 mi
2454 grams
Gil mi
ml O2 used per hour
ml
372 mi
Metabolic rate
819_2ml Oz /Kg./Hr.
366 m
1491.4 ml O2 /Kg./Hr.
1513.4 ml O2 /kg./Hr.
With Thyroxine
Weight
ml O2 used in 1 minute
2456
7.(.mi
ml O2 used per hour
249.2 grams
7 9 mi
474 mi
1902 ml O2 /Kg./Hr.
244,2 grams
7,5 ml
use mi
1842.8ml O2 /kg./Hr.
??? ml
Metabolic rate
1807.8ml O2 /Kg./hr.
With TSH
Weight
2u4 3g
grams
ZUGS grams
7.6 mi
ml O2 used in 1 minute
6.2 mi
250.7 grams
7.9 ml
G741 ml
1.890.7ml 02 /Kg./Hr.
ml O2 used per hour
372 mi
1822.7ml O2 /Kg./Hr.
Metabolic rate
suG mi
18 55.2 ml 02 /Kg./Hr.
With Propylthiouracil
Weight
yuu.rams
249.8 grams
Go mi
360 ml
844 5grams
6. tml
ml O2 used in 1 minute
ml ???
ml O2 used per hour
366ml
1446.9 ml 02 /Kg./Hr.
372ml
1520 601 02 /Kg/Hr.
Metabolic rate
14462 ml O2 /Kg./Hr.
As a result of the missing hormone(s), what would the over-
all effect on the body be?
How could you treat a thyroidectomized animal so that it
functioned like a “normal” animal?
By adeling the thyroxine baxma
physicEX
4
E XERCISE
Endocrine System
Physiology
OBJECTIVES
1. To define the following: hormones, target cell, negative feedback,
metabolism, thyroxine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin
releasing hormone (TRH), hypothalamus, hypothalamic pituitary portal
system, portal vein, hormone replacement therapy, diabetes type I, dia-
betes type II, glucose standard curve
2. To give examples of how negative feedback loops regulate hormone
release
3. To explain the role of thyroxine in maintaining an animal’s metabolic rate
4. To explain the effects of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on an
animal’s metabolic rate
5. To understand the role of the hypothalamus in the regulation of thyrox-
ine and TSH production
6. To understand how hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland
7. To understand how estrogen affects bone density
8. To explain how hormone replacement therapy works
9. To explain how fasting plasma glucose is used to diagnose diabetes
10. To understand how levels of cortisol and ACTH can be used to
diagnose endocrine diseases
he endocrine system regulates the functioning of every cell, tissue, and
organ in the body. It acts to maintain a stable internal body environment,
regardless of changes occurring within or outside of the body. Endocrine
cells have the ability to sense and respond to changes via the excretion of spe-
cific chemicals known as hormones. Hormones are carried in the blood, usu-
ally attached to specific plasma proteins, and circulate around the body. When
the hormone-protein complex reaches a target cell (the cell at which a chemi-
cal message is aimed), the hormone detaches from the protein and enters the
cell to induce a specific reaction.
Hormones work in different ways, depending upon their chemical structures.
For example, polypeptide hormones, composed of chains of amino acids, work
by first attaching to a protein receptor in the cell membrane, initiating a series of
reactions in the membrane resulting in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP)
entering the cell. The entrance of this chemical into the cell induces the cell to
work harder and faster. Steroid hormones and thyroxine (a hormone secreted by
the thyroid, which we will be examining in detail shortly) enter the cell to attach
to a cytoplasmic receptor. The hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus
of the cell to attach to specific points on the DNA. Each attachment causes the
production of a specific mRNA, which then moves to the cytoplasm to be trans-
lated into a specific protein.
Most regulation of hormone levels in the body is conducted by negative
feedback: if a particular hormone is needed, production of that hormone will be
stimulated; if there is enough of a particular hormone present, production of that
hormone will be inhibited. In a few very specific instances, hormonal output is
controlled by positive feedback mechanisms. One such instance is the output of
the posterior pituitary hormone oxytocin. This hormone causes the muscle layer
of the uterus, the myometrium, to contract during childbirth. Contraction of the
41
42
Exercise 4
Metabolism
Exit
Go To
Experiment
Tools
Help
Normal
2
1
Propylthiouracil
TSH
Thyroxine
LEVEL
Tx
2
Clamp
open
1
2
Chamber &
manometer
connected
0 5 10 15 2
Timer (min)
0.00
Elapsed
Time
ml O2
0.0
Hypox
Start
0.00
Iniect
3
Weigh
Weight
0.00
Apparatus
Data Sets
Weight Elapsed Time
ml Oxygen
Injected
Normal
Hypox
(a)
Weiger Srams Convert to kg
8
g & 1kg
Hypothalamus
TRH
?008
TSH
Pituitary
gland
(hypophysis)
Thyroid
gland
Tg To
FIGURE 4.1 Metabolism and the thyroid gland. (a) Opening screen of the
Metabolism experiment. (b) The regulation of thyroid secretion. + indicates
stimulation of release, – indicates inhibition of release, Tg = triiodothyronine,
TA = thyroxine, TRH = thyrotropin-releasing hormone, TSH = thyroid-stimulating
hormone.
(b)
La
Endocrine System Physiology
43
myometrium causes additional oxytocin to be released to aid
in the contraction, regardless of the amount of hormone al-
ready present.
Studying the effects of hormones on the body is difficult
to do in a wet lab, since experiments can often take days,
weeks, or even months to complete, and are quite expensive.
In addition, live animals may need to be sacrificed, and tech-
nically difficult surgical procedures are sometimes necessary.
The PhysioEx simulations you will be using in this lab will
allow you to study the effects of given hormones on the body
by using “virtual” animals rather than live ones. You will be
able to carry out delicate surgical techniques with the click of
a button. You will also be able to complete experiments in a
fraction of the time that it would take in an actual wet lab
environment.
Hormones and Metabolism
Metabolism is the broad term used for all biochemical reac-
tions occurring in the body. Metabolism involves catabolism,
a process by which complex materials are broken down into
simpler substances, usually with the aid of enzymes found in
body cells. Metabolism also involves anabolism, in which
the smaller materials are built up by enzymes into larger,
more complex molecules. When bonds are broken in catabo-
lism, energy that was stored in the bonds is released for use
by the cell. When larger molecules are made, energy is stored
in the various bonds formed. Some of the energy liberated
may go to the formation of ATP, the energy-rich material used
by the body to run itself. However, not all of the energy lib-
erated goes into this pathway. Some of that energy is given
off as body heat. Humans are homeothermic animals, mean-
ing they have a fixed body temperature. Maintaining this
temperature is very important to maintaining the metabolic
pathways found in the body.
The most important hormone in maintaining metabolism
and body heat is thyroxine. Also known as tetraiodothyro-
nine, or T4, thyroxine is secreted by the thyroid gland, located
in the neck. However, production of thyroxine is really con-
trolled by the pituitary gland, which secretes thyroid stimu-
lating hormone (TSH). TSH is carried by the blood to the
thyroid gland (its target tissue) and causes the thyroid to pro-
duce more thyroxine.
It is also important to understand the role of the hypo-
thalamus in thyroxine and TSH production. The hypothala-
mus, located in the brain, is a primary endocrine gland that
secretes several hormones affecting the pituitary gland (also
located in the brain.) Among these hormones is thyrotropin
releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates production of
TSH in the pituitary gland. If the hypothalamus determines
that there is not enough thyroxine circulating to maintain the
body’s metabolism, it will secrete TRH to stimulate produc-
tion of TSH by the pituitary gland, which in turn will stimu-
late production of thyroxine by the thyroid (a classic example
of a negative feedback loop), TRH travels from the hypothal-
amus to the pituitary gland via the hypothalamic-pituitary
portal system, a specialized arrangement of blood vessels
consisting of a single portal vein that connects two capillary
beds. The hypothalamic-pituitary portal system transports
many other hormones from the hypothalamus to the pituitary
gland. Primarily, the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
are tropic (or trophic) hormones, which are hormones that
stimulate or inhibit the secretion of other hormones. TRH is
an example of a tropic hormone, since it stimulates the re-
lease of TSH (which is itself a tropic hormone, since it stim-
ulates the release of thyroxine).
In the following experiments you will be investigating
the effects of thyroxine and TSH on an animal’s metabolic
rate. To begin, follow the instructions for starting PhysioEx
in the Getting Started section at the front of this manual.
From the drop-down menu, select Exercise 4: Endocrine
System Physiology and click GO. Before you perform the
activities watch the BMR Measurement video to see an ex-
periment in which basal metabolic rate is meaasured. Then
click Metabolism. The opening screen will appear in a few
seconds (see Figure 4.1). Select Balloons On/Off from the
Help menu for help identifying the equipment on-screen (you
will see labels appear as you roll over each piece of equip-
ment). Select Balloons On/Off to turn this feature off before
you begin the experiments.
Study the screen. You will see a jar-shaped chamber to
the left, connected to a respirometer-manometer apparatus
(consisting of a U-shaped tube, a syringe, and associated tub-
ing). You will be placing animals in this case, rats—in the
chamber in order to gather information about how thyroxine
and TSH affect their metabolic rates. Note that the chamber
also includes a weight scale, and that next to the chamber is a
timer for setting and timing the length of a given experiment.
Under the timer is a weight display.
Two tubes are connected to the top of the chamber. The
left tube has a clamp on it that can be opened or closed. Leav-
ing the clamp open will allow outside air into the chamber,
closing the clamp will create a closed, airtight system. The
other tube leads to a T-connector. One branch of the T leads
to a fluid-containing U-shaped tube, called a manometer. As
an animal uses up the air in the closed system, this fluid will
rise in the left side of the U-shaped tube and fall in the right.
The other branch of the T-connector leads to a syringe
filled with air. Using the syringe to inject air into the tube, you
will measure the amount of air that is needed to return the fluid
columns to their original levels. This measurement will be
equal to the amount of oxygen used by the animal during the
elapsed time of the experiment. Soda lime, found at the bottom
of the chamber, absorbs the carbon dioxide given off by the an-
imal so that the amount of oxygen used can be measured eas-
ily. The amount of oxygen used by the animal, along with its
weight, will be used to calculate the animal’s metabolic rate.
Also on the screen are three white rats in their individual
cages. These are the specimens you will use in the following
experiments. One rat is normal; the second is thyroidec-
tomized (abbreviated on the screen as Tx), meaning its thy-
roid has been removed; and the third is hypophysectomized
(abbreviated on the screen as Hypox)-meaning its pituitary
gland has been removed. The pituitary gland is also known
as the hypophysis, and removal of this organ is called a
hypophysectomy.
To the top left of the screen are three syringes containing
various chemicals: propylthiouracil, thyroid stimulating hor-
mone (TSH), and thyroxine. TSH and thyroxine have been pre-
viously mentioned; propylthiouracil is a drug that inhibits the
production of thyroxine by blocking the incorporation of iodine
into the hormone. You will be performing four experiments on
each animal: 1) you will determine its baseline metabolic rate,
2) you will determine its metabolic rate after it has been injected
with thyroxine, 3) you will determine its metabolic rate after it
44
Exercise 4
has been injected with TSH, and 4) you will determine its meta-
bolic rate after it has been injected with propylthiouracil.
You will be recording all of your data on Chart 1 (see
p. 45). You may also record your data onscreen by using the
equipment in the lower part of the screen, called the data col-
lection unit. This equipment records and displays the data
you accumulate during the experiments. The data set for Nor-
mal should be highlighted in the Data Sets window, since
you will be experimenting with the normal rat first. The
Record Data button lets you record data after an experimen-
tal trial. Clicking the Delete Line or Clear Data Set buttons
erases any data you want to delete.
are over the word “Level” will flash and then disappear. You
will then have to click the Reset button and try a lower
volume. (This is equivalent to the amount of oxygen that the
rat used up during the 1 minute in the closed chamber.)
Record this measurement in the Baseline section of Chart 1
for “ml O2 used in 1 minute.”
11. Determine the oxygen consumption per hour for the rat.
Use the following formula:
ml O2 consumed
?
1 minute
60 minutes
hr
ml Oz/hr
Record this data in the Baseline section of Chart 1 for “ml 02
used per hour.”
ACTIVITY 1
Determining the Baseline
Metabolic Rates
First, you will determine the baseline metabolic rate for
each rat.
12. Now that you have the amount of oxygen used per hour,
determine the metabolic rate per kilogram of body weight by
using the following formula (Note that you will need to convert
the weight data from g to kg before you can use the formula):
ml 0/hr
Metabolic rate =
ml Oz/kg/hr
wt. in kg
Record this data in the Baseline section of Chart 1 for “Meta-
bolic rate.”
13. Click Record Data.
14. Click and drag the rat from the chamber back to its cage.
15. Click the Reset button in the box labeled Apparatus.
16. Now repeat steps 1-15 for the thyroidectomized (“Tx”)
and hypophysectomized (“Hypox”) rats. Record your data in
the Baseline section of Chart 1 under the corresponding col-
umn for each rat. Be sure to highlight Tx under Data Sets (on
the data collection box) before beginning the experiment on
the thyroidectomized rat; likewise, highlight Hypox under
Data Sets before beginning the experiment on the hypophy-
sectomized rat.
23
1. Using the mouse, click and drag the normal rat into the
chamber and place it on top of the scale. When the animal is
in the chamber, release the mouse button.
2. Be sure the clamp on the left tube (on top of the cham-
ber) is open, allowing air to enter the chamber. If the clamp is
closed, click on it to open it.
3. Be sure the indicator next to the T-connector reads
“Chamber and manometer connected.” If not, click on the
T-connector knob.
4. Click on the Weigh button in the box to the right of the
chamber to weigh the rat. Record this weight in the Baseline
section of Chart 1 for “Weight.
5. Click the (+) button on the Timer so that the Timer dis-
play reads 1.00
6. Click on the clamp to close it. This will prevent any out-
side air from entering the chamber, and ensure that the only
oxygen the rat is breathing is the oxygen inside the closed
system.
7. Click Start on the Timer display. You will see the
elapsed time appear in the “Elapsed Time” display. Watch
what happens to the water levels in the U-shaped tube.
8. At the end of the 1-minute period, the timer will auto-
matically stop. When it stops, click on the T-connector knob
so that the indicator reads “Manometer and syringe
connected.”
Which rat had the fastest baseline metabolic rate?
The thyroidectomited
rat
Why did the metabolic rates differ?
9. Click the clamp to open it so that the rat can once again
breathe outside air.
10. Look at the difference between the level in the left and
right arms of the U-tube and estimate the volume of O2 that
will need to be injected by counting the divider lines on both
sides. Then click the (+) button under the ml O2 until the dis-
play reads that number. Then click Inject and watch what
happens to the fluid in the two arms. When the volume is
equalized the word “Level” will appear and stay on the
screen. If you are under, click the (+) and then Inject. If you
Because we used different
types of rats we used a
normal vot then theroidectomized
rat then hypophy Sectomited rat
If an animal has been thryoidectomized, what hormone(s)
would be missing from its blood?
TSH

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