The University of Texas at Arlington Sexual Violence in Later Life Article Response What actions can you undertake to overcome the barriers to response and

The University of Texas at Arlington Sexual Violence in Later Life Article Response What actions can you undertake to overcome the barriers to response and prevention of sexual violence in later life?With the changing demographics of the population widowhood and its impact to health will grow and magnify, how would the article impact your nursing care? What nursing actions would you incorporate to address this issue? Make sure that all your responses are supported by evidence-based data. Sexual violence in later life fact sheet Sexual violence in later life: A technical assistance guide for advocates Article: Adapting to widowhood through meaningful occupations – a case study Widowhood and Mood Anxiety Disorders A continues emphasis on prevention and wise consumer choices
New content on intimate partner violence, biological and psychosocial bases of
human sexuality, obesity, alcohol, ethnicity, and more
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Women’s Health
Issues for Today and the Future
MD DALIM #1216898 12/4/12 CYAN MAG YELO BLK
A revised order of Part Tree (Sexual and Relational Wellness) for a better and
more meaningful content flow
Contemporary
Women’s Health Issues for Today and the Future
FEATURES OF THE 5TH EDITION:
Fifth Editi on
Contemporary
Contemporary Women’s Health emphasizes health promotion and the impact of
multicultural and diversity issues on women’s health. Te text is written from a
woman-centered perspective and offers thorough discussions on a broad range of
female-centric topics including feminism and the women’s health movement, global
issues in women’s health, and health concerns specific to diverse populations. It is
appropriate for both nontraditional and traditional students in a variety of course
settings including health education, general education, medical education, and
women’s studies courses that emphasize a holistic approach to health.
Fifth
Edition
Kolander
Ballard
Chandler
Cheryl A. Kolander | Danny Ramsey Ballard | Cynthia Kay Chandler
CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S HEALTH
Issues for Today and the Future
FIFTH EDITION
Cheryl A. Kolander, HSD
Department of Health and Sport Science
University of Louisville
Danny Ramsey Ballard, EdD, FAAHE
Department of Health and Kinesiology
Texas A&M University
Cynthia K. Chandler, EdD, LPC, LMFT
Department of Counseling and Higher Education
University of North Texas
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CONTEMPORARY WOMEN’S HEALTH: ISSUES FOR TODAY AND THE FUTURE, FIFTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue
of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2014 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
All rights reserved. Previous editions © 2009, 2006, and 2003. Printed in the United States of
America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
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storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kolander, Cheryl A.
Contemporary women’s health/Cheryl A. Kolander. — Fifth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978–0–07–802854–0—ISBN-10: 0–07–802854–X 1. Women—Health
and hygiene. I. Title.
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2012036860
www.mhhe.com
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Dedication
With gratitude and love to my parents and family for the joy and
happiness they bring to my life; to my friends for the fun,
adventure, and camaraderie we share; and to the students,
whose intellectual curiosity and creativity
remind me daily that life as a professor is the
best job in the world. —CAK
To the fabulous women, both family and friends, who have inspired, guided, loved,
listened, supported and brought joy, laughter and meaning to my life! Each of you
has made life more meaningful and fulfilling. Thank you with all my heart—
I appreciate and love you dearly: Fay, Ruby, Marcelle, Rita, AnnaBelle, Suzanne,
Betty, Barbara, Josey, Kristy, Cheryl, Carolyn, Katy, Sue, Jan, Sherry, DeAun,
Jill, Beverly, Janene, Kathy, Pat, Nita, Ruth, Aleen, Altha, Judy, Shirley, Carol,
Tedi, Frances, Lillian, Priscilla, Diane, Ellen, Linda, Ebbie, Monica, Mary Jane,
Katherine, and Christine. . . . and to my wonderful former students! —DRB
To my loving and supportive family, my mother and father
Billie and Orbie Chandler; my sisters Betty Bush and Bonnie
Thomas and brother-in-law Sam Thomas; my brother
Charlie Chandler and sister-in-law Vicki Chandler; my nieces
Rachel Thomas Little (and husband Tommy), Terra
Chandler, and Niki Chandler; and my nephews,
Lonnie Bush (and wife Heather), Brandon Bush
(and wife Shasta), and Rowdy Bush
(and wife Jessica); and Jason Thomas. —CKC
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Brief Contents
Preface xv
About the Authors xxi
Part Four
C ONTEMPORARY L IFESTYLE
I SSUES 268
Part One
F OUNDATIONS
OF
W OMEN ’ S H EALTH
1
Chapter One
Eating Well 269
Chapter Twelve
Becoming a Wise Consumer 28
Using Alcohol Responsibly 321
Chapter Three
Chapter Thirteen
Developing a Healthy Lifestyle 62
Making Wise Decisions about Tobacco, Caffeine, and
Drugs 342
Part Two
E MOTIONAL W ELLNESS
Chapter Ten
Keeping Fit 301
Chapter Two
AND
S OCIAL
Chapter Eleven
Introducing Women’s Health 2
M ENTAL
AND
87
Part Five
C OMMUNICABLE AND C HRONIC
C ONDITIONS 363
Chapter Four
Enhancing Emotional Well-Being 88
Chapter Fourteen
Chapter Five
Preventing and Controlling Infectious Diseases 364
Managing the Stress of Life 119
Chapter Fifteen
Part Three
S EXUAL
AND
R ELATIONAL W ELLNESS
Preventing and Controlling Chronic Health
Conditions 391
154
Chapter Sixteen
Chapter Six
Reducing Your Risk of Cancer 430
Building Healthy Relationships 155
Chapter Seven
Preventing Abuse against Women 182
Chapter Eight
Glossary 451
Credits 459
Index 460
Exploring Women’s Sexuality 206
Chapter Nine
Designing Your Reproductive Life Plan 227
iv
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Contents
Preface xv
About the Authors xxi
Part One
F OUNDATIONS
OF
W OMEN ’ S H EALTH
CHAPTER ONE • Introducing Women’s Health
1
2
Why Focus on Women’s Health? 2
Emphasis On Health Promotion 2
Women’s Health in a Global Society 3
The Women’s Health Movement in the United
States 5
The Women’s Social Movement 8
Legislation for Women and Minorities 9
Sexual Discrimination 10
Disparities in Access to Health Care 16
Health Issues for Minority Women 17
Hispanic or Latino Women 17
African American Women 18
Asian Women 19
Native American Indian and Alaskan Native
Women 20
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
Women 20
Adolescent Females 21
Elderly Women 22
Ethnic, Class, and Gender Bias in Health
Research 23
Women’s Health Research 24
Social, Political, and Medical Context 25
CHAPTER TWO • Becoming a Wise Consumer
28
Consumerism 28
Choosing a Health Care Provider 29
Health Care Providers 30
Reporting Unprofessional Treatment 33
Health Care Delivery 33
Home Health Tests 33
Complementary and Alternative Medicine 34
Herbalism 35
Acupuncture 36
Chiropractic Care 37
Massage 38
Holistic Medicine 38
Other Types of Alternative Health Care 39
Health Quackery 39
Prescription Drugs 39
Understanding Drug Labels 40
Commonly Prescribed Drugs 41
Using Prescription Drugs Safely 41
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs 42
OTC Drugs Used by Women 43
Prescription and OTC Drug Use during
Pregnancy 44
Beauty-Enhancing Products and Procedures 45
Products 45
Procedures 46
Breast Augmentation 47
Effects of Advertising 47
Types of Advertising Techniques 48
Unrealistic Portrayals of Women 48
Realistic Portrayals of Women 50
Financial Considerations 50
Health Insurance 50
Medicare and Medicaid 52
Social Security 53
Taking Action as a Consumer 53
Agencies 53
Credit Reports 54
Righting a Wrong 54
What Should be the Public’s Priority: Corporate
Profit or Consumer Safety? 55
Affordable Care Act 57
Being a Consumer Advocate 58
CHAPTER THREE • Developing a Healthy Lifestyle
62
What is Healthy? 62
Life Expectancy 62
Leading Causes of Death 68
Whole Person Concept 70
Mind, Body, and Spirit 73
Dimensions of Wellness 74
Holistic Wellness Model 74
Achieving Optimum Wellness 74
World Wellness 74
World Wellness for Women 76
Wellness Versus Illness 78
Education 79
Prevention 79
Treatment 79
v
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vi
CONTENTS
Learning and Behavior 80
Hierarchy of Needs 81
Theories and Models of Behavior Change 81
The Transtheoretical Model 82
Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned
Action 82
Self-Efficacy 82
Planning your Lifestyle Change 82
Personal Inventory 82
Helpful Attitude 83
Plan of Action 83
CHAPTER FIVE • Managing the Stress of Life
Part Two
M ENTAL
AND
E MOTIONAL W ELLNESS
87
CHAPTER FOUR • Enhancing Emotional Well-Being
The Emerging Self 88
Theories of Development 88
Women’s Relational Model of Development 89
Sociocultural Influences 90
Mindful Self-Exploration and Integration 90
The Counseling Option 91
Factors for Successful Counseling
Outcome 93
Life Skill Development 94
Emotional Intelligence 94
Assertiveness Training 94
Effective Communication 95
Effective Problem Solving 96
Self-Esteem Enhancement 96
Body Image and Eating Disorders 97
Body Image and the Media 97
Eating Disorders 99
Grief and Bereavement 101
Women’s Grief 103
Depression 104
Types of Depression 104
Psychosocial Stressors and Depression 105
The Reproductive System and
Depression 106
Depression and Genetic Liability 109
Developmental Issues and Depression 109
Family of Origin Issues and Depression 109
Multicultural Issues of Depression and
Suicide 109
Medication for Depression 112
BiPolar Disorder 112
Anxiety 112
Positive Experiences and Mental
Health 113
Seasonal Affective Disorder 113
Self-Injury 114
EMOTIONS AND HEALTH 114
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88
119
Concepts of Stress 119
Stress and Perception 119
Positive versus Negative Stress 120
The Stress Response 120
Fight-or-Flight Response 120
General Adaptation Syndrome 121
Anatomy and Physiology of
Stress 121
Endocrine System 121
Autonomic Nervous System 123
Distress and the Body 123
Stress and “Dis-ease” 123
Stress and Pregnancy 129
Stress and Lifestyle 129
Major Life Events 129
College Stress 130
Daily Life Hassles 130
Impact of Multiple Roles 131
Multicultural Issues 135
Spiritual Beliefs 135
Ability to Acculturate 135
Racial Issues 135
Age Factors 135
Financial Stress 135
The Impact of Technology 136
The Workforce, Women, and
Stress 136
Employment and Health 137
Working against Stereotypes 137
Environmental Stress 137
Stress and Anxiety 138
Stress and Trauma 139
Women in Combat 140
Coping Skills for Stress: Prevention, Management,
and Treatment 141
Social Support 141
You Are What You Think 141
Stress and Nutrition 142
Use of Herbs 143
Massage and Reflexology 143
Acupressure and Acupuncture 144
Exercise 144
Time Management 144
Mind–Body Medicine: An
Overview 145
Body Awareness 146
Mindful Awareness 146
Relaxation Exercises 146
Biofeedback 147
Meditation 147
Yoga 149
Proper Breathing 149
Make Stress Management a
Priority 149
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CONTENTS
Part Three
S EXUAL
AND
R ELATIONAL W ELLNESS
154
CHAPTER SIX • Building Healthy Relationships
155
Forming Relationships 155
Stages of Dating 155
Gender-Role Attributes 157
Sociological Factors 158
Theories of Love 158
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory 159
Lee’s Six Lovestyles 160
Biochemistry of Love 160
Traits of a Successful Relationship 162
Types of Relationships 163
Marriage and Other Committed
Relationships 163
Coupled Households 165
Interracial and Mixed-Race Couples 166
Lesbian Couples 167
Bisexual Couples 169
Transgender Couples 169
Troubled Relationships 170
Terminating a Relationship 170
Love Addiction 171
Potential Sources of Conflict 171
Resolving Conflicts—Fighting Fair 173
Celebrating Motherhood 175
Nonmarital Childbearing 176
Positive Parenting Relationships 176
Mothers and Teen Daughters 177
CHAPTER SEVEN • Preventing Abuse
Against Women 182
The Reality of Violence Against Women 182
The Extent of the Problem 183
Why Women Stay in Abusive Relationships 184
Types of Abuse 186
Childhood Abuse 186
Abuse and Adult Women 187
Elder Abuse 193
Common Elements in all Types of Abuse 194
Minimization 194
Directionality 194
Trivialization 194
Blaming the Victim 194
Characteristics of Battered Women 194
Personal Feelings and Beliefs 195
Codependency 195
Perception of Partner 195
Consequences of Abuse 195
Physical Consequences 195
Emotional and Psychological Consequences 195
Spiritual Consequences 196
Social Consequences 196
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vii
Economic Impact of IPV 197
Leaving the Abusive Relationship 197
Deciding to Leave 197
Developing a Safety Plan 197
Locating Safe Shelter 197
Locating Other Resources 198
Healing from Abuse 198
How to Help 199
Moving Forward 200
Building Resiliency 200
Self-Caring 200
Meeting Needs 201
PREVENTING ABUSE 201
Personal Level 201
Community Level 202
State and Federal Levels 203
CHAPTER EIGHT • Exploring Women’s Sexuality
206
Female Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology 206
External Genitalia 206
Internal Genitalia 208
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 209
Breasts 209
Menstruation 211
Pelvic Examination and Pap Test 213
Menstrual Disorders 214
Premenstrual Syndrome 215
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) 216
Hysterectomy 217
Menopause 218
Natural Menopause 218
Premature Menopause 218
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) 218
Natural or Alternative Therapies 220
Preventing Chronic Conditions 220
Preventing Menopausal Symptoms 221
Sexuality 221
Aging and Sexual Response 224
CHAPTER NINE • Designing Your Reproductive Life
Plan 227
Reproductive Health 227
Birth Control Methods 228
Continuous Abstinence 229
Fertility Awareness–Based Methods (Periodic
Abstinence) 230
Barrier Methods 232
Hormonal Contraceptives 235
Other Birth Control Methods 239
Maternal and Infant Mortality 241
Promoting Healthy Pregnancy Outcomes 243
Pre-Pregnancy Planning 243
Conception 243
Early Signs of Pregnancy 244
Home Pregnancy Tests 244
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viii
CONTENTS
Fetal Development 245
Prenatal Care and Delivery 246
Primary Care Services 246
Labor and Delivery 248
Birthing Options 248
Breast-Feeding 250
Potential Problems with Pregnancy 251
Ectopic Pregnancy 251
Hypertensive Disorders 252
Infertility 252
Assisted Reproductive Technology 252
Artificial Insemination 255
Surrogacy 255
Stem Cell Issues 256
Abortion 257
Defining Abortion 258
Postabortion Issues 260
Right to Life and Pro-Choice 261
Adoption 261
Foster Care 262
Part Four
C ONTEMPORARY L IFESTYLE
I SSUES 268
CHAPTER TEN • Eating Well
AND
S OCIAL
269
Eating Well and Eating Wisely 269
Guidelines to Good Eating 269
Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 270
Balancing Calories to Manage Weight 272
Foods and Food Products to Reduce 274
Foods and Nutrients to Increase 275
Recommended Dietary Allowances 276
Necessary Nutrients 276
Carbohydrates 276
Protein 277
Fats 278
Vitamins 278
Minerals 279
Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding 284
Energy Needs during Pregnancy 285
Nutrient Requirements during Pregnancy 285
Dietary Guideline Recommendations for
Pregnancy 286
Physical Activity 286
Caloric Intake 286
Nutrients 287
Vegetarianism 287
Benefits of Vegetarianism 287
Concerns of Vegetarianism 288
Nutrition and the Consumer 288
Additives 289
Organic Foods 289
kol2854X_fm_i-xxii.indd viii
Food Labeling 290
Managing Weight Through Nutrition 294
Underweight, Overweight, and Obesity 295
Weight Loss 295
Nutrition and the Aging Population 297
CHAPTER ELEVEN • Keeping Fit
301
Benefits Of Fitness 301
Health-Related Components of Fitness 303
Cardiorespiratory Endurance 303
Flexibility 304
Muscular Strength and Endurance 306
Body Composition 307
Other Exercise Considerations 307
Personal Fitness Programming 307
Fitness Assessments 308
Design your Personal Fitness Program 310
Getting Started 311
Staying Involved 312
Avoiding Injuries 312
Joining a Fitness Club 313
Special Considerations 314
Exercise and the Menstrual Cycle 314
Exercise and Pregnancy 314
Compulsive Exercise 315
Managing Weight Through Exercise 316
Exercising During the Later years 317
CHAPTER TWELVE • Using Alcohol Responsibly
321
Women And Alcohol 321
Alcohol Absorption 322
Why Liquor Is Quicker for Women 323
Women and Alcohol: A Unique Relationship 323
Alcohol Consumption 324
College-Age Women and Alcohol 324
Associated Effects 326
Alcohol and Pregnancy 330
Addiction and Dependency 332
Dependency: What Is It? 332
Alcoholism 333
Demographics 333
Is Alcoholism a Disease? 333
Indicators of Alcoholism, and How to Help 334
A Family Disease 334
What can be Done? 336
Resources 337
Intervention 337
Types of Treatment 337
Prevention 338
CHAPTER THIRTEEN • Making Wise Decisions about
Tobacco, Caffeine, and Drugs 342
Tobacco: Looking Back 342
Women and Tobacco 343
Prevalence of Tobacco Use 343
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CONTENTS
Why Women Smoke 343
Substances in Tobacco 344
Adverse Health Effects 345
Respiratory Concerns 345
Cardiovascular Diseases 345
Smoking and Cancer 346
Other Physical Consequences 347
Addiction 347
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 348
Smoking and Pregnancy 348
Smoking Cessation 349
Behavioral Changes 349
Nicotine Replacement Products 350
How to Stop Smoking! 350
Benefits of Smoking Cessation 351
Caffeine 351
What Is Caffeine? 351
Effects of Caffeine 352
Caffeine Products 352
Effects of Caffeine on Health 353
Caffeinism 354
Caffeine Research 354
Illegal Drugs 355
Drug Use and Pregnancy 355
Cocaine and Crack 355
Marijuana 356
Heroin and Methadone 357
Amphetamines and Methamphetamines 358
Illegal Drugs and Societal Problems for Women 358
Women, Drugs, and HIV Infection 358
Women, Drugs, and Homelessness 359
Part Five
CHAPTER FOURTEEN • Preventing and Controlling Infectious Diseases 364
kol2854X_fm_i-xxii.indd ix
Inflammatory Disorders 374
HIV/AIDS 374
Epidemiology 375
Diagnosis of HIV 376
Treatment of HIV 377
Pregnancy and HIV 378
Sexual Assault And Stis 378
Stis in Women who Have Sex With Women
(WSW) 378
Prevention Strategies 379
Preexposure Vaccination 379
Abstinence 379
Monogamy 379
Engaging in Less Risky Behaviors with
Partners 379
Oral Contraceptives, Vaginal Spermicide, and
Diaphragms 380
Male Condoms 380
Female Condoms 380
Promising Prevention Strategies 381
Other Infectious Diseases 381
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) 381
Seasonal Influenza (Flu) 381
Hepatitis A 382
Hepatitis B 383
Hepatitis C 384
Tuberculosis (TB) 384
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
(MRSA) 384
Streptococcal Disease 385
Varicella (Chickenpox and Shingles) 386
Encephalitis 386
Lyme Disease 387
CHAPTER FIFTEEN • Preventing and Controlling Chronic
Health Conditions 391
C OMMUNICABLE AND C HRONIC
C ONDITIONS 363
The Increasing Threat Posed by Infectious
Diseases 364
The Primary Burden of Sexually Transmitted
Infections 365
Common Bacterial Sexually Transmitted
Infections 366
Chlamydia 366
Gonorrhea 367
Syphilis 368
Chancroid 369
Common Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 369
Human Papillomavirus 371
Reproductive Tract Infections 372
Vaginitis 372
ix
369
Inaction Is Unacceptable 391
The Leading Cause of Death…
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