San Diego Mesa College What Does the Library Have to Offer Discussion Please watch the required video tutorial Ashford University Library Quick ‘n’ Dirty (

San Diego Mesa College What Does the Library Have to Offer Discussion Please watch the required video tutorial Ashford University Library Quick ‘n’ Dirty (Links to an external site.). Runtime: 4:04 min.

Write a one- to two-page essay that describes the benefits of using the Ashford University Library. Your paper should:

Explain the differences between scholarly resources and popular resources.
Describe the key things to remember when searching for sources within the Ashford University Library (e.g., databases, FindIt@AU search tool).
Detail how you will be most effective and efficient in finding resources that fit your research needs.

Format your paper according to APA style guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your paper should demonstrate your ability to use the functions within MS Word to create a document with the following elements:

A title page (see below for specific information to include on this page)
Page numbers located in the top, right corner of the page (header page number function)
Paragraphs that are double spaced with the first line indented by .5 inch (line spacing function)
Page margins set to one inch on all four sides (margins function)
Spelling and grammar check (spelling & grammar function)

The Paper:

Must be one to two pages in length (excluding title page and reference page) and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a title page with the following:
Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted
Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. Statements such as “This paper is about…” or “I am going to tell you…” are not acceptable in college-level writing.
Must address the topic of this paper with critical thought.
Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis.
Must use at least one source in addition to the course text.
Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Attached:

1- Example paper

2- Chapters from book

3- Grading points Running head: WHAT DOES THE LIBRARY HAVE TO OFFER?
Using Microsoft Word: What does the Library have to offer?
INF103: Computer Literacy
Professor Denton Murray
January 27, 2020
1
WHAT DOES THE LIBRARY HAVE TO OFFER?
2
Libraries have been around for centuries and have been a great asset to people in need of
information. The existence of libraries across the world has been there for centuries, with a lot of
drastic changes occurring. Looking at the modern library setting the comparing it to the past
centuries clearly shows the evolution in the information storage and retrieval processes. The
primary reason why libraries existed from past years until now is that they offer the information
required in conducting research. For instance, libraries have vast information materials used for
referring any idea for validity and reliability (Bowless, 2013). The advancement of technology,
including the introduction of computers and several applications such as Microsoft and
Windows, changed the library functionality. For instance, the information accessed ways such
that it is faster than compared to the past years.
In the current days, the internet has advanced information access in the library, making
them reliable to any source of information. The internet contains information that is both reliable
and unreliable, i.e., scholarly and those not scholarly conducted. The way people used to search
for books in the past years is not the way done in recent years. For example, in the contemporary
days, it is just by clicking codes, then its location is identified in the library compared to when it
used to be manual search. The library provides sources that are reliable to use in research. The
sources, such as books, journals, and magazines, are scholarly, meaning that the publications are
by experts. Academic sources, also unlike accessible sources, are peer-reviewed work written by
scholars who know a particular field (Bowless, 2013). Other sources, on the other hand, are just
sources that contain information written by an individual who doesn’t have expertise in the field.
Therefore, such references cannot provide reliable information because they may be personal
opinions.
WHAT DOES THE LIBRARY HAVE TO OFFER?
3
When searching for sources in the Ashford University Library database, there are
essential features that one has to remember. One of the crucial things to have when looking for a
reference in the library is the source title. The title of the source makes it easier to locate the
book because it is difficult for sources to have similar titles (Bowless, 2013). Other relevant
things to have are the date of publication, the authors’ name, and the publisher. For instance,
these elements make it easier for one to limit the search range to the specified details. For
example, if one provides a specific year, then the sources that the one will find will only be in the
scope provided (Rowley & Hartley, 2017). If you specify a particular field, only references in
that field will show up. Therefore, remembering these elements saves time when looking for
information in the library.
For effective and efficient finding resources, there are things that I need to consider. First
of all, I have to identify the fundamental concept of the research topic. In this case, I have to
keywords that I can use to search for reliable sources in the library and over the internet.
Precisely, I have to narrow down my topic to be able to gather the required sources only.
Additionally, I have to limit my search range using elements such as date, authors’ names, or
titles of the book to avoid wasting a lot of time looking for a source. Most importantly, I have to
ensure that I rely on peer-reviewed sources and not using unscholarly sources because they have
misleading information.
WHAT DOES THE LIBRARY HAVE TO OFFER?
4
References
Bowless, D. Mark. (2013). Digital Literacy. Kendall Hunt Publishers
Rowley, J., & Hartley, R. (2017). Organizing knowledge: an introduction to managing access to
information. Routledge.
2
iStockphoto/Thinkstock
The Hardware Revolution
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to complete the following:
• Understand the history of the personal computer.
• Explain what is inside a computer and identify central components.
• Describe the types of computer peripherals and their functions.
• Describe the benefits of laptops, notebooks, and Ultrabooks™ and distinguish between
them.
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Pre-Test
CHAPTER 2
Introduction
I
n the first chapter, you learned about the penetration of computers into society and the
importance of digital literacy. The goal was to help you realize the social significance
of the computer and understand its importance in our lives today. In this chapter, you
will take the next step. Instead of observing computers from the outside, we will explore
them from the inside to see what they are made of and to understand how they have
evolved over the last century. We begin the chapter by discussing early computers, which
were so large they were weighed by the ton, and we end the chapter by examining some
of today’s computers, which are so thin they can be easily carried in a pocket or a purse.
Indeed, it has been a hardware revolution.
Pre-Test
1. Which of the following was one of the first significant computing companies in
the United States?
a. IBM®
b. Microsoft®
c. Xerox®
d. Apple®
2. Which term describes the process of turning on your computer?
a. Booting
b. Upgrading
c. Installing
d. Opening
3. External storage is important for storing data and files to be used later. Which of
the following storage devices holds the MOST information?
a. 5.25” disk
b. 3.5” disk
c. Zip disk
d. DVD disk
4. Which of the following terms is used interchangeably with laptop?
a. smartphone
b. netbook
c. notebook
d. e-book reader
Answers
1 a. IBM®. The answer can be found in Section 2.1.
2. a. Booting. The answer can be found in Section 2.2.
3. d. DVD disk. The answer can be found in Section 2.3.
4. c. Notebook. The answer can be found in Section 2.4.
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Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
CHAPTER 2
2.1 A Brief History of Computing
A
lthough many people think the computer is a very recent development, it actually
has a long history that demonstrates how quickly the computer industry changes.
History provides a context for how far we have come with computers in a relatively short period of time. Most importantly, by understanding computer history we can
gain a better and deeper understanding of today’s computing environment. Since you
are reading these words on a computer right now, take a moment and look around you.
If your computer is a desktop, the items you see—your mouse, keyboard, monitor, and
even the icons on your screen—all have a history. If you are reading this on a tablet computer or an e-reader, it, too has a history, though with a much shorter timeline. This history shapes our lives and influences the way we interact with the world.
In the Beginning. . .
The concept of a calculating machine with gears first took physical shape during the 17th
century. The use of mechanical devices as an aid in the calculation of numbers was an
elusive and attractive dream for Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician (Coleman, 1986,
p. 32).
One of those who Pascal inspired was Charles Babbage. In 1812, at Cambridge University
in England, Babbage worked with his friend, Ada Byron Lovelace, who also had high
expectations for the future of a computing machine (Stein, 1985, p. xi). While they never
attained these lofty ideals, what Babbage did accomplish was to develop designs for all
the components of a programmable computer. Babbage and Lovelace defined the central
functions of a computer and called them input, output, memory, logic, and processor.
These are terms we still use today. Together, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace can be
considered the “Father and Mother of the Computer.”
The IBM® Era
By the late 19th century, the enthusiasm for computers moved to the United States (Bowles,
1996). Herman Hollerith had great success with his construction of a machine to tabulate
the 1890 census. He came up with the idea of representing each person’s data on a punch
card with holes in it. In 1924, Hollerith’s company changed its name to International Business Machines, which is known today as IBM®.
The von Neumann Architecture
The next important computer was the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer), completed in 1949, and operational in 1951. It was significant because of John
von Neumann’s work on the logical operations of the machine (Macrae, 2000). These five
“classic components” of a computer—memory, input, output, arithmetic logic unit, and
control unit—are known as the von Neumann architecture and remain the basic structure for computers to this day. The EDVAC was also called the stored-program computer
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Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
CHAPTER 2
because it stored data internally on its memory. In addition to storing information, the
memory could hold codes for operating the machine, also known as a stored program.
In von Neumann’s system, the computer had its own arithmetic calculator that could
perform basic math. This arithmetic logic unit used only binary numbers. Binary means
that the computer represents all information, including images and text, as combinations
of ones and zeros. To understand what this means, think of a light bulb. When the light
was on, the computer considered this to be the number 1. When the light was off, the
computer considered this to be a 0. Every number and letter on the computer can be
signified by a series of ones and zeros. Von Neumann referred to data coming into the
computer as the input and data leaving the machine as its output. It traveled through a
data path (later called a bus) from its memory, performed the operation in the arithmetic
component, and then either stored the result for further computations or output the data
(Davis, 2000, p. 182).
The IBM® 360
At this point, IBM® staked the future of the company on the development of a new computer called the IBM® 360, first released in April 1964. The name 360 indicated that this
computer targeted a “full circle” of customers to perform functions ranging from complex
mathematics at scientific laboratories, to simpler and more repetitive calculations done in
business. (You may also recognize the importance of this number today from the Xbox®
360, a game console system from Microsoft®, or Norton™ 360, a virus protection suite of
software.)
The IBM® 360 also came with a host of peripherals (external devices that can be connected
to a computer to enhance its capability, such as printers or storage devices). More than 150
peripherals were offered the first day the IBM® 360 went to market, including disks, tapes,
and punch cards designed to make the entire system more efficient and user-friendly. It
also had an operating system known as OS/360 and used transistors, a Bell Labs innovation that quickly became the heart of the computing industry, to eliminate the need for
vacuum tubes and enable computers to be smaller, faster, and more reliable. Transistors
are small switches that can amplify a data signal to a computer, as shown in Figure 2.1.
Some have called the transistor the most significant invention of the 20th century (Bunch
& Hellemans, 2004, p. 546).
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CHAPTER 2
Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
Figure 2.1: Increase of transistor count over time
2,600,000,000
1,000,000,000
Number of Transistors
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
2,300
1971
1980
1990
2000
2011
Date Introduced
This graph demonstrates the incredible increase in the number of transistors in processors over time. As
the data shows, the number of transistors doubles every two years.
Adapted from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Transistor_Count_and_Moore%27s_Law_-_2011.svg
With the IBM® 360, the company gained an astonishing 70% of the market share (Ceruzzi, 2003, p. 145). By the mid-1970s, the computer industry had come of age. Information
technology had taken its place as one of the most significant industries in the world, and
it was beginning to rival the automobile industry in size. By 1975, of every $120 spent on
goods in the United States, $1 went for the purchase of a computer (Campbell-Kelly &
Aspray, 1996, p. 150).
As so often happens in the computer industry, change was coming. The personal computer was on the horizon, and a revolution was around the corner.
Innovation at Xerox®
While today we think of Xerox® as a copier manufacturing company, it was the center
of the universe as far as computer innovation during the 1970s (Hiltzik, 2007). At this
time, there was a growing concern that businesses might become “paperless” because
all data would be stored on computers. This was a concern to Xerox® executives because
their income was based on businesses photocopying physical documents. Therefore, they
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Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
CHAPTER 2
began to explore how Xerox® might be able to survive in a digital era. Located near Stanford University in California, these bright engineers at Xerox® PARC (Palo Alto Research
Center) prepared for a paperless doomsday that they believed would occur in 1990
(although it did not happen, we are still moving in this direction). Fear spurred them to
create peripheral devices that changed the shape of computing, including the cursor,
mouse, pointer, Graphical User Interface (GUI), WYSIWYG, laser printers, and word
processors. Although we will be discussing what some of these terms mean later, it is
important to remember that while the initial innovations occurred at Xerox®, it was other
companies that brought these devices to market. This is a valuable lesson; innovation
does not guarantee commercial success.
What happened to all of this peripheral innovation? The Xerox® executives were interested in what these engineers accomplished, but they never gave the go-ahead to fund the
devices beyond the research stage. They did, however, invite guests to tour their facilities.
Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple®, visited Xerox® in 1979 and gathered ideas that became
the central features of the Macintosh®, which he released in 1984. Bill Gates would later
incorporate these same design elements into Microsoft® Windows® (Cringely, 1991, pp.
73–92). The personal computer was on the horizon.
Inventing the Processor
The development of the processor enabled the computer to become personal. Ted Hoff,
working at a widely unknown company called Intel® during the 1960s, came up with an
interesting idea to solve a problem for a customer. Hoff’s idea was to develop a generalpurpose integrated circuit, instead of a specific logic chip that would work only in this
calculator. In other words, multiple electronic circuits were placed on one chip.
What is an integrated circuit? Often, you will find that it is difficult to understand the definitions of technical terms because the explanations can be as complex (or more so) than
the original terms themselves. An integrated circuit is an example. Basically, it is a small
silicon wafer in which circuits consisting of millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors can be embedded. The transistor is a switch that can amplify current (think of a radio
amplifier in your car stereo) or turn electricity on or off. A resistor can control the current
and limit it (think of a volume control on a TV). A capacitor can collect and hold energy
for a short burst (just like the flash on a camera).
Hoff’s integrated circuit was a revolutionary development because it was more than just
a chip for a calculator. Instead, it could be used in a variety of devices ranging from music
synthesizers to missile guidance systems. To make these machines perform different functions, each chip needed only a different set of instructions, or a program. This was revolutionary because now one piece of hardware (the processor) could be used in any type
of computer as long as the software changed. It was much easier to change a software
program than to redesign a processor. Hoff was elated with his development, but no one
else seemed to care or realize its significance. Hoff was able to convince Intel® to develop
his project, and by 1970, they had a prototype called the “processor” (Palfreman & Swade,
1991, pp. 106–118).
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Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
CHAPTER 2
One of the main benefits of the processor was its small size. Remember, the mainframe
computers of the 1950s weighed several tons and filled an entire room. The silicon processor, developed in a California region soon to be called Silicon Valley, could be held
in the palm of your hand. Smaller, faster, and cheaper, the processor seemed to have
unlimited potential. But Intel® remained ahead of the curve. IBM® and Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) evaluated the idea and concluded that there would be no market for
such a device. After all, what possible reason would an average person have for a computer, especially at home? IBM® thought that if someone really wanted to use a computer, he or she could rent time-sharing from a local business mainframe during off hours
(Campbell-Kelly & Aspray, 1996, pp. 236–258).
Altair, the First PC
The large computer makers failed to realize there was a home market for computers.
Instead, those who were most excited about the development of the processor were the
hobbyists. They wanted a computer in their home and were willing and knowledgeable
enough to build it themselves. They were finally able to do this in January 1975, when Popular Electronics hit the newsstands with a cover depicting a computer called the Altair that
could be purchased in pieces and assembled at home. By 1976, 5,000 to 15,000 Americans
had an Altair (Berger, 1976, p. 112). At one large meeting for the Altair in Atlantic City, two
men named Stephen Wozniak and Steve Jobs began selling circuit boards.
Apple®
Jobs and Wozniak were an interesting, idealistic pair who had been tinkering with a computer in Jobs’s garage. In 1976, they released their computer, called the Apple® I, which
soon evolved into the more popular Apple® II. This was a personal computer designed for
everyone to use out-of-the box, not just the skilled hobbyist geeks who assembled it with
their own soldering guns. The Apple® II met with a resounding success upon its release
in March 1977. The company had $700,000 in sales the first year, and $7 million the next.
Suddenly, a personal computer industry began to flourish, and along with Apple®, other
computers hit the market, including the RadioShack TRS-80, the Commodore PET, and
later, the Atari™ 400/800 computers.
These new computers came with a monitor (or could be plugged into a television) and
a keyboard, but the biggest frustration for users was how data and other programs were
stored. The device used to store a program or load one into the computer was a simple
audiotape cassette deck that plugged into the computer through a special port. The sound
carried the data, but it was a slow and often inexact process to enter or save data. Sometimes, the entire tape played in, only to display a data entry error at the end, requiring the
entire process to be repeated:
• Rewind.
• Advance the leader of the cassette tape.
• And try again.
• Rewind.
• Advance the leader of the cassette tape.
• And try again.
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Section 2.1 A Brief History of Computing
CHAPTER 2
Wozniak eventually came to the rescue by developing a disk drive that
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