PHRX 4001W University of Wisconsin Madison American Pharmacy Reflection Paper Locate additional resources for the content of this week. Describe what you f

PHRX 4001W University of Wisconsin Madison American Pharmacy Reflection Paper Locate additional resources for the content of this week. Describe what you found.How effective were the PowerPoint materials in presenting this information?Select one pharmacy organization. Trace its history from inception to now. Why is it still important today?Why is it important for pharmacists to be a member of a professional organization?Does pharmacy have too many professional organizations? Why or why not? Rennebohm Hall n University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy
777 Highland Avenue n Madison, WI 53705-2222 n 608.262.5378 n aihp@aihp.org
This slide presentation was compiled and produced by Robert
McCarthy, Ph.D., Professor and Dean Emeritus at the University of
Connecticut School of Pharmacy for his class “The History of
American Pharmacy.” Prof. McCarthy created this version of the
slide talk for his class in the Spring of 2016.
This slide presentation was downloaded from the Teaching the
History of Pharmacy section of the website of the American Institute
of the History of Pharmacy (https://aihp.org/historicalresources/teaching-the-history-of-pharmacy/) where a copy of the
syllabus (.pdf) for Prof. McCarthy’s class is also available.
This .pdf copy of the slide presentation was shared with the permission
of Prof. Robert McCarthy for the personal and educational use of
interested readers.
Professional Organizations
PHRX 4001W-002
The History of American Pharmacy
Spring 2016
• One of the important incentives for the founding of APhA
was the problem of adulterated drugs and the
ineffectiveness of the Drug Importation Act of 1848.
• October 1852: First organizational meeting of what was
to become the American Pharmaceutical Association is
held in Philadelphia
American Pharmacists Association
• At the 1852 meeting, 9 objectives were laid out for the new
organization:
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Creation of a national association.
Support of schools of pharmacy.
Improve the selection and training of pharmacy apprentices.
Investigate secret medicines and quackery.
Urge enactment of laws for the inspection of imported drugs.
Adopt the National Pharmacopoeia to guide the preparation of
medicines.
• Curb indiscriminate sale of poisons.
• Separate the practice of pharmacy from the practice of medicine.
• Encourage the presentation of original papers on pharmacy &
science.
American Pharmacists Association
• Many free-standing professional organizations in
pharmacy, such as the American Society of HealthSystem Pharmacists, were established within APhA.
• Today, the American Pharmacists Association is
considered the umbrella organization for pharmacists,
with chapters in all 50 states and at most schools of
pharmacy.
American Pharmacists Association
• 1936: A hospital pharmacy section is formed within APhA,
providing hospital pharmacists with a national voice for the
first time .
• 1942: The American Society of Hospital Pharmacists is
established.
• 1945: The original ASHP constitution included three goals:
• Establish minimum standards of pharmacy services in a hospital.
• Facilitate interchange among hospital pharmacists and encourage
development of new pharmaceutical techniques.
• Assist the medical profession in extending the economic and
rational use of medication.
American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists
• 1995: Name changed to the American Society of HealthSystem Pharmacists
• Early contributions of ASHP
• Bulletin of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
• American Hospital Formulary Service
• Minimum Standards for Pharmacies in Hospitals
• Current contributions of ASHP
• American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
• AHFS Drug Information and other print and electronic drug
references
• Handbook on Injectable Drugs
• Residency accreditation
American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists
• ASCP is a pharmacy professional organization dedicated
to medication management in older persons.
• 1965: Medicare legislation introduces “consultant
pharmacist.”
• 1969: ASCP incorporated; first ASCP Annual Meeting.
• 1974: State chapters hold first regional meetings.
• 1982: ASCP Research & Education Foundation
established; The Consultant Pharmacist first published.
American Society of Consultant
Pharmacists
• NCPA is the professional pharmacy organization for independent
pharmacists; plays an important role as a political advocate for
independent pharmacies, as well as a supporter of community
pharmacy ownership.
• 1898: National Association of Retail Druggists (NARD) founded.
• 1932: The Lilly Digest (now called the NCPA Digest) is first
published providing financial and demographic information about
independent community pharmacy.
• 1953: Originally founded as the John A. Dargavel Memorial
Foundation, the NCPA Foundation’s mission is to support
independent pharmacists and pharmacy students.
• 1996: NARD is renamed the National Community Pharmacists
Association.
National Community Pharmacists
Association
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NACDS was founded in 1933 as the national pharmacy organization representing chain
pharmacies, national, regional and local; as compared to pharmacy organizations, NACDS is
a corporate organization whose members are the pharmacy chain industry, not chain
pharmacists.
The NACDS foundation supports educational (including pharmacy student scholarships) and
research initiatives that “help people improve their health and quality of life through an
understanding of medication therapy and the importance of taking medications
appropriately.”
The NACDS mission is to:
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“Foster an advantageous business and political environment in which NACDS chain member
companies are better able to achieve their business objectives.
Promote the role and value of chain community pharmacy as an integral component of the
healthcare system, thus helping to preserve its viability.
Provide effective channels of communication, involvement and forums for members and other
stakeholders.
Ensure that NACDS internally operates as a cutting edge association, effectively meeting the
needs of its membership.” (Source: NACDS webpage)
National Association of Chain Drug
Stores
• Established in 1988 as a national professional organization
focused on pharmacy practice in managed care environments
• 1988-1992: AMCP held its first national meeting and
inaugurated the AMCP News.
• 1993-1995: First issue of the Journal of Managed Care
Pharmacy, published Principles & Practices of Managed Care
Pharmacy
• 1996-1998: Diplomat program established; first student
chapters founded at colleges of pharmacy
• 2000s: With ASHP, developed accreditation standards for
managed care pharmacy residencies; created Format for
Formulary Submissions, used by many health plans and the
government to assess drugs based on effectiveness/quality
Academy of Managed Care
Pharmacy
• Founded in 1979 to support the advancement of clinical
pharmacy; originally the home of, primarily, PharmD
trained professionals who practiced/conducted clinical
research in hospitals, universities, and ambulatory care
settings
• Played a key role in pharmacotherapy being recognized
as a specialty certification in pharmacy
• Publishes the journal Pharmacotherapy
• Conducts peer review of research fellowships
American College of Clinical
Pharmacy
• Founded in 1900, AACP is the professional home of
pharmacy education, representing schools and colleges of
pharmacy and their faculty & staff; its mission is to
advance education, scholarship, practice, and service.
• AACP offers member schools and individuals
development and support opportunities in the areas of
curricular development, assessment, leadership, and
professional/career development.
• AACP is a national advocate for pharmacy education and
works collaboratively with other professional
organizations in pharmacy and higher education.
American Association of Colleges
of Pharmacy
• NABP was founded in 1904; its mission is to support boards of
pharmacy in their mission to regulate the practice of pharmacy
and protect public health.
• NABP groups pharmacy boards in the United States, Canada,
Australia & New Zealand into 8 districts.
• NABP offers a number of examinations, programs, and
accreditations including NAPLEX, MPJE, CPE Monitor
Service, and VIPPS, and Licensure Transfer.
• NABP offers The Model State Pharmacy Act and Model Rules
of the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (Model
Act) for use in developing state laws and board regulations.
National Association of Boards of
Pharmacy
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American College of Apothecaries
American Society for Pharmacy Law
American Institute for the History of Pharmacy
American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
College of Psychiatric & Neurologic Pharmacists
American Society of Veterinary Hospital Pharmacists
Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association
Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
American Society of Pharmacognosy
Drug Information Association
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
Other Professional Organizations
• 2004: Leaders of 15 pharmacy organizations met to discuss the
future of pharmacy practice; in 2005, JCPP members approved
a vision statement for “Pharmacy Practice in 2015;” JCPP
continues to operate as a policy-making organization.
• Comprised of Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, American
College of Apothecaries, American College of Clinical
Pharmacy, American Pharmacists Association, American
Society of Consultant Pharmacists, American Society of
Health-System Pharmacists, National Community Pharmacists
Association; Liaison Members: American Association of
Colleges of Pharmacy, Accreditation Council for Pharmacy
Education, National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, and
National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations.
Joint Commission of Pharmacy
Practitioners
• Many of the national pharmacy professional organizations
have state chapters/affiliates: Connecticut Pharmacists
Association, Connecticut Society of Health-System
Pharmacists, Connecticut Chapter of the American Society of
Consultant Pharmacists; chapters hold annual meetings, offer
CE programs, and some publish journals (Pharmacy Journal of
New England) and newsletters; these state associations often
were the founders of schools of pharmacy.
• 1876: Connecticut Pharmaceutical (now Pharmacists)
Association is formed (first state pharmacy association was in
New Jersey); in the early days, there were often also
associations within regions of a state (Bridgeport
Pharmaceutical Association).
State Pharmacy Associations
Teaching History of Pharmacy
According to the AIHP Guidelines:
F. Pharmacy Associations
Created by: James Colbert,
PharmD
UC San Diego, Skaggs School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Reviewed by: Susan Miller,
BS Pharm, PharmD, BCGP, FASCP
Mercer University College of Pharmacy
and
David M. Baker,
BS Pharm, MBA, JD
Western New England University
College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences
Developed by the Teaching History of Pharmacy Committee of the History of
Pharmacy SIG, 2017-18
Picture: Pharmacist at People’s Drug Store No. 5, Washington, DC, c. 1920. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs, LC-USZ62-129891
Development of Pharmacy Associations in
Italy – The Guilds
• Ancient Roman times: seplasiarii – association (guild) for
social and welfare purposes, and to regulate conditions of
trade.
• During Middle Ages, Italian guilds not only regulated
themselves but also were political bodies with legal authority
• Late 12th Century
• Physicians, pharmacists, and drug wholesalers were in the
same guild; pharmacy was one of the 7 major arts – held
in high esteem.
Tasks of 12th-15th Century Italian Pharmacy
Guild
• 1. Care of poor and/or sick members.
• 2. Introduction and job location of all who passed entrance
exams.
• 3. Regulation of distance bet. pharmacies.
• 4. Regulation of remedy prices.
• 5. Collection of taxes.
• 6. Supervision of remedy producers and retailers.
Evolution of British Pharmacy Associations
• Under King James I:
• 1607 – Apothecaries part of Grocers Company
• 12/6/1617 – established Society of Apothecaries
• 1632 – Society of Apothecaries built Guild Hall
• 1815 – Apothecaries Act – grouped physicians, surgeons and apothecaries
together, separate from druggists and chemists, who only buy, compound and
dispense drugs.
• 1841 – Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain formed for druggists and
chemists. Objectives:
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1. Advancement of pharmacy and chemistry
2. Promotion of uniform education for druggists and chemists
3. Protection of those who are druggists or chemists
4. Relief of needy member, and widows and dependents
US Pharmacy Associations – the Beginning –
the Philadelphia College of Apothecaries
• Type of Association: Local
• Where: Philadelphia, PA
• Why:
• Location of oldest American school of medicine and most
educated physicians
• J. Redman Coxe (March 1820), with University of Pennsylvania
support, proposed a “Master of Pharmacy” degree/designation
conferred by the medical school – received 16 druggists’
signatures
• U of P did confer 16 honorary Master of Pharmacy degrees, but no
one took a single pharmacy course at the U of P
US Pharmacy Associations – the Beginning –
the Philadelphia College of Apothecaries
• Reaction:
• Meetings of prominent Philadelphia apothecaries – first in February 1821
• On March 13, 1821 formed the Philadelphia College of Apothecaries in
Carpenter’s Hall
• In 1822, changed name to Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
• Origin of name: College of Apothecaries:
• “College” from “Philadelphia College of Physicians” and English “Royal College
of Physicians”
• “Apothecary,” then “Pharmacy” from:
• Apothecaries becoming physicians
• French and German use of pharmacist and pharmacy
• Was a combination of a school, an association, and a publisher
US Pharmacy Associations – State
Organizations
• 1867 – first – Maine Pharmaceutical Association –
faltered and dormant till 1890
• Often formed in response to medicine’s call for
pharmacy legislation & regulation
• Often business-oriented; separate from schools
forming; most practitioners from apprenticeship
• Mid-1900s: became more professional; integrated
with national/local associations
“It is my firm conviction that American pharmacy
will not come into its own until we have a majority
of our pharmacists actively supporting their
national professional organization.”
Donald E. Francke 1910-1978
US Pharmacy Associations – National
Organizations
• 1850s National Issue: adulterated drugs
• Response:
• 1851: Meeting called by NYCP (PCP, MACP, MDCP and
CCP) – PCP, NYCP and MACP attended – PCP (Procter)
proposed meeting to form national association
• October 6-8, 1852: Formed American Pharmaceutical
Association – Daniel B. Smith, president and William
Procter, Jr., secretary.
• Created Constitution and Code of Ethics
American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
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Formed in 1852 as the American Pharmaceutical Association
Oldest and largest organization in pharmacy
Headquartered in Washington D.C.
APhA is the organization that the U.S. congress expects to speak for pharmacy
Involved in setting policy and standards of practice for all pharmacy settings
Has more than 62,000 members
APhA Vision inspires, innovates, and creates opportunities for members and
pharmacists worldwide to optimize medication use and health for all
• APhA Mission as the voice of pharmacy, leads the profession and equips members for
their role as the medication expert in team-based, patient-centered care
• Member of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP)
• Most other pharmacy organizations have ties to APhA
The APhA Headquarters Building –
Washington, D.C.
Healthcare Distribution Alliance (HDA)
• Founded on March 15, 1876 under the name Western
Wholesale Druggists’ Association (WWDA). The name was
changed to the National Wholesale Druggists’ Association in
1882, to the Healthcare Distribution Management
Association in 2000, and to the Healthcare Distribution
Alliance in 2016.
• Mission is to protect patient safety and access to medicines
through safe and efficient distribution; advocate for
standards, public policies and business processes that
enhance the safety, efficiency and value of the healthcare
supply chain; and, create and exchange industry knowledge
and best practices.
National Community Pharmacists Association
(NCPA)
• Founded in 1898 as the National Association of Retail Druggists (NARD)
• Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia
• Represents the pharmacist owners, managers, and employees of more than 22,000
independent community pharmacies across the U.S.
• U.S. independent pharmacies, independent pharmacy franchises, and independent
chains dispense approximately 40 percent of the nation’s retail prescription medicines
• Serves as a champion for community pharmacy on Capitol Hill
• Mission: Dedicated to the continuing growth and prosperity of independent
community pharmacy in the U.S.
• Has developed an aggressive student-outreach program aimed at educating students
about pharmacy ownership
• Member of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP)
National Association of Chain Drug Stores
(NACDS)
• Founded in 1933
• The mission of NACDS is to advance the
interests and objectives of the chain
community pharmacy industry, by
fostering its growth and promoting its
role as a provider of healthcare
services and consumer products.
American College of Apothecaries (ACA)
• Founded in 1940
• Headquartered in Bartlett, Tennessee
• Has over 1000 members, from both U.S. and Canada
• Primary focus is independent community pharmacy practice
• Vision Dedicated to the advancement of professional practice in independent
community pharmacy through entrepreneurship and mentoring.
• Mission Dedicated to advancing the entrepreneurial spirit of member
pharmacists through education, innovation, mentoring, fellowship and training
• Member of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP)
American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists (ASHP)
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Founded in 1942 as the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists
Began as a subsection of hospital pharmacists at APhA in 1936
Changed name to American Society of Health-System Pharmacists in 1994
Headquartered in Washington D.C.
Has over 45,000 members
ASHP Vision is that medication use will be optimal, safe, and effective for all people
all of the time.
• ASHP Mission for pharmacists is to help people achieve optimal health outcomes
• Best known as the primary organization for the accreditation of pharmacy residency
programs
• Member of the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP)
National Pharmaceutical Association (NPhA)
• Founded in 1947
• The National Pharmaceutical Association is
dedicated to representing the views and ideals
of minority pharmacists on critical issues
affecting health care and pharmacy, as well as
advancing the standards of pharmaceutical
care among all practitioners.
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers
of America (PhRMA)
• Founded as the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Association in 1958
• Represents the country’s leading pharmaceutical
industry research and biotechnology companies
• Mission is to conduct effective advocacy for public
policies that encourage the discovery of important,
new medicines for patients by biopharmaceutical
research companies.
• Headquartered in Washington, DC
American Society of Consultant Pharmacists
(ASCP)
• Founded in 1969; the only international professional society devoted to optimal
medication management and improved health outcomes for all older adults
• Headquartered in Alexandria, Virginia
• Represents over 9,000 pharmacy professionals
• ASCP Vision is to achieve safe, effective, and appropriate use of medications by
all older adults.
• ASCP Mission involves empowering pharmacists to promote healthy aging
through the appropriate use of medications.
• Focuses on building relationships with other pharmacy, aging, and long-term
care associations
• Wor…
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