NUR 2421C SCC Impact of Birth Family Contact on Children Article Review The article review should be a minimum of 600-750 words, double-spaced. The article

NUR 2421C SCC Impact of Birth Family Contact on Children Article Review The article review should be a minimum of 600-750 words, double-spaced. The
article should be attached. When
quoting or paraphrasing the article, include in-text citation and attach a
reference page with the article listed (APA format). The paper should be written in APA format,
with a title page and reference page.
Please paraphrase appropriately, with no more than 3 direct quotes (if
necessary) NUR 2421C
Research Article Guidelines
May – August, 2020
Individual assignment, (see Calendar).
Each student will review a randomly assigned article topic.
Prepare a report on the article which will include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A summary or overview of the article (what was it about).
Was it a report of a study (research) or was it some other kind of
academic paper?
Who was the target audience for the article?
Was the information easy to understand? Why or why not?
List at least 3 interesting facts you learned from the article.
Could you use any information in your clinical practice? If so how?
Would you recommend this article to other students? Why or why
not?
8.
How could this article have been improved?
9.
Did the article make you want to find out more about the subject?
Conclusion.
10.
The article review should be a minimum of 600-750 words, double-spaced. The article
should be attached. Please upload your paper and the article in Blackboard. When
quoting or paraphrasing the article, include in-text citation and attach a reference page
with the article listed (APA format). The paper should be written in APA format, with a
title page and reference page. Please paraphrase appropriately, with no more than 3
direct quotes (if necessary). If there is failure to cite/paraphrase appropriately, or if the
paper is not written at least at a proficiency level of 75%, a second article will be
assigned for submission (maximum score given for second attempt is 75%). Failure to
submit your paper by June 5, 2020 @ 8:45am will result in 10 points being deducted for
each day that it is late.
•
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Articles must be peer reviewed.
Article date 2015 – 2020
Williams, 2020
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5 -7.5 points
0-4.5 points
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appropriate)
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Good sentence
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grammar
APA format followed
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correct
At least 750 or above
words
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areas
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areas
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organized
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mostly correct
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spelling and/or
grammar errors
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in APA format
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reference correct
600-750 words
4-5 direct quotes
Date
___________
No paragraph
organization
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spelling/grammar
errors
More than 5 APA
errors
Less than 500 words
Citations missing, or
no reference
More than 5 direct
quotes
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Williams, 2020
Child Adolesc Soc Work J (2017) 34:399–418
DOI 10.1007/s10560-016-0485-x
Psychological Adjustment in Intercountry and Domestic Adopted
Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Raquel Barroso1 · Maria Barbosa‑Ducharne1
Isabel‑Sofia Costa1 · Ana Silva1
· Vanessa Coelho1 ·
Published online: 18 January 2017
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2017
Abstract Understanding if adoptees present a higher
risk of developing psychological problems, compared to
non-adopted peers, is a research topic that has aroused
considerable interest. This paper reviews research results
focusing on the psychological adjustment in intercountry
and domestic adopted adolescents. Two hundred and fiftyeight publications were initially identified in different databases but, due to previously defined inclusion criteria, only
twelve studies, published between January 2004 and June
2016, were analyzed. Results indicate that, when compared
to non-adopted peers, these adoptees showed more psychological problems, namely in externalized behaviors, and a
higher attendance at mental health services. A considerable relationship was found between the age at adoption
and the likelihood of the development of behavioral and
emotional problems. Nevertheless, the relevance of taking
into account adoption related variables in order to understand the variability of adoptees’ psychological adjustment
is also underlined. This systematic review draws attention
to the need for further studies in this topic resorting to more
complex research designs which will allow for the identification of different pathways that may lead to (mal) adaptive
functioning, psychological (mal) adjustment and the wellbeing of adolescent adoptees.
Keywords Psychological adjustment · Behavior
problems · Adolescents · Adoption · Research review
* Maria Barbosa‑Ducharne
abarbosa@fpce.up.pt
1
Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University
of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200‑135 Porto, Portugal
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of the human life span which
involves cognitive, emotional and social transitions that
may have significant implications for an overall psychological adjustment later on (Crockett & Silbereisen, 2000;
Lerner & Galambos, 1998). These transitions imply great
changes in the life of adolescents and their families, and
are particularly challenging for adoptees and their adoptive families, given that the end result of this developmental
stage depends on the adolescents’ history, early adversity
experience and the social and family resources (Brodzinsky, 2011; Cicchetti & Rogosch, 2002; Lanz, Iafrate,
Rosnati, & Scabini, 1999). The multiple physical and psychological changes that occur in this developmental stage
stimulate the adolescents who have been adopted to think
in a more systematic and organized manner in relation to
who they are, where they come from and where they are
going (Bimmel, Juffer, van IJzendoorn, & BakermansKranenburg, 2003) which means they get more involved in
their process of identity formation (Ferrari, Ranieri, Barni,
& Rosnati, 2015; Grotevant, Dunbar, Kohler, & Esau,
2000; Von Korff & Grotevant, 2011). Thus, for adoptees,
this is a complex process that requires them to reflect on
the meaning of being adopted (Brodzinsky, Radice, Huffman, & Merkler, 1987), as the feelings of having been
abandoned and the awareness of a lack of a genealogical
connection to their adoptive parents become evident at this
stage (Brodzinsky, 1990; Groza & Muntean, 2016).
Behavioral and emotional maladjustment reactions of
adopted adolescents may arise from the awareness of feeling different to their peers (Brodzinsky, Smith, & Brodzinsky, 1998) and of adoption losses that can be intensified by
the gap between the adolescent adoptees and their adoptive
families (Verhulst, 2000). These losses inherent to adoption
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are further reinforced by the increase of independence and
empowerment which is typical of this developmental stage.
Thus, when studying psychological (mal) adjustment in
adolescence, adopted adolescents become particularly challenging and relevant, especially due to the specificities of
their background.
Moreover, when studying psychological adjustment
in adoption, there are multiple advantages in focusing on
adolescents. Emotional and behavioral problems are often
silent in childhood and only manifest themselves in adolescence or adulthood (McRoy, Grotevant, & Zurcher, 1988;
van der Vegt, Tieman et al., 2009; van der Vegt, van der
Ende, Ferdinand, Verhulst, & Tiemeier, 2009). Furthermore, adoption studies which are focused on adolescence
enable the analysis of the impact of both the age at adoption and early adversity on the adoptees’ development
about 10–15 years after adoption. These studies are also no
longer focused on problems of temporary adjustment since
these problems disappear when the adoptees are part of the
adoptive families for long enough to overcome early adoption challenges.
Adoption is a natural successful intervention in the life
of children who were not raised by their birth families,
since it allows for the recovery of their physical, cognitive and socio-emotional development (van IJzendoorn &
Juffer, 2006). Nevertheless, this recovery is not uniform in
all areas, nor with all children (Juffer et al., 2011). Most
adoptees express adequate levels of psychological adjustment, but understanding if they present a higher risk of
developing psychological problems, compared to their nonadopted peers, was one of the first research questions which
was raised within the area of adoption (Wilson, 2004) and
which continues to generate controversy (Escobar, Pereira,
& Santelices, 2014).
Numerous studies have shown that adoptees present
a high risk of psychological maladjustment (Hawk &
McCall, 2011; Ingersoll, 1997; Lee, 2003; Merz & McCall,
2010; O’Brien & Zamostny, 2003; Rosnati, Barni, & Montirosso, 2010; Rosnati, Montirosso, & Barni, 2008; Rueter,
Keyes, Iacono, & McGue, 2009; Rueter & Koerner, 2008;
Sharma, McGue, & Benson, 1998; Verhulst, Althaus, &
Versluis-den Bieman, 1990). However, contrasting studies have not identified differences between adopted and
non-adopted individuals (Benson, Sharma, & Roehlkepartain, 1994; Borders, Black, & Pasley, 1998; Brodzinsky
et al., 1987; Cederblad, Höök, Irhammar, & Mercke, 1999;
Finley, 1999; Goldney, Donald, Sawyer, Kosky, & Priest,
1996; Grotevant et al., 2006). This inconsistency of results,
in relation to maladjustment, may be due to the heterogeneity of individual life pathways and early adversity experiences among adoptees (Haugaard, 1998; Heath, Madden,
& Martin, 1998; Palacios & Brodzinsky, 2010; Palacios &
Sánchez-Sandoval, 2006; Sánchez-Sandoval & Palacios,
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R. Barroso et al.
2012). Furthermore, the idea that adoptees show a higher
risk of poor adjustment may also be due to some methodological issues of the studies, such as the use of clinical
samples or samples of convenience (Finley, 1999; Grotevant et al., 2006), of single or multiple informants (De Los
Reyes & Kadzin, 2005; Epstein, Renk, Duhig, Bosco, &
Phares, 2004) as well as different evaluation instruments
(Fan et al., 2002; Hawk & McCall, 2010).
Results showing more maladjustment in adoptees can
also be due to the evidence of an over representation of
adoptees in clinical settings (Kotsopoulos et al., 1988) but,
in fact, parents of adoptees (compared to non-adoptive parents) have a higher tendency to refer their children to mental health services (Miller et al., 2000; Warren, 1992). In
short, adopted adolescents have more mental health problems and their adoptive parents also have a lower threshold
when it comes to seeking help (Warren, 1992). Adoptive
parents may resort to the aid of mental health professionals
more easily due to their higher economic and socio educational status: they are more able to identify problems earlier
on and have more and better resources for treatment (Miller
et al., 2000; Warren, 1992). These parents may present
higher levels of stress and anxiety (Ingersoll, 1997) and/or
may, more easily, resort to assistance because of their previous experience interacting with social services during the
adoption process (Cederblad et al., 1999).
Adoptees’ adjustment problems are reflected in research
mainly when a direct comparison is made with non-adoptees. However, when compared to peers who have never
been adopted or have remained institutionalized, results
are more positive and highlight the protective effect of
adoption in their development. Institutionalized children
frequently show a wide range of behavioral, emotional
and social problems (e.g. Julian & McCall, 2016; McCall
et al., 2016; Nichols, Martin, & Martin, 2015; Palacios,
Moreno, & Román, 2013), often due to deprivation conditions experienced in their temporary homes. Indeed, children who were adopted after living in institutions have
better outcomes than those who continued in this kind of
care and research has provided data showing that adoption
has changed the developmental pathways of these children,
and that adoptive families can reverse some of the deficits
associated with previous institutionalization (e.g. Rutter,
Kreppner, & O’Connor, 2001; Sánchez-Sandoval, 2015;
van IJzendoorn, Juffer, & Poelhuis, 2005). Furthermore,
Wiener and Kupermintz (2001) found that adults who were
adopted as children, after living in institutional care, tended
to show results similar to peers who had never been separated from their birth families.
Further to empirical studies on psychological adjustment
of adoptees, several meta-analyses have been carried out in
this field. Wierzbicki’s meta-analysis (1993) considered 66
studies comparing adopted and non-adopted individuals in
Psychological Adjustment in Intercountry and Domestic Adopted Adolescents: A Systematic…
seven domains of functioning. No differences were found
in internalized disturbances, neurological abnormalities
or in psychotic characteristics. However, adoptees from
different age groups were over represented in clinical settings, showed higher levels of externalized behavior problems and worse psychological functioning. The effect sizes
found were significantly higher in adolescents than children
or adults. Externalized behavior problems in childhood and
adolescence can be normative, but high levels of the above
mentioned problems during these stages of development
may indicate serious problems of adaptation in adulthood
(Loeber & Hay, 1997).
When focusing on intercountry adoption, two metaanalyses were performed and published in 2003 and 2005,
respectively. The first one aimed at evaluating the frequency
of behavioral problems in intercountry adopted adolescents
(Bimmel et al., 2003). Ten studies were reviewed and there
were no differences between adopted and non-adopted adolescents in the frequency of internalized behaviors. Nonetheless, adopted adolescents showed more externalizing
problems. Furthermore, most adoptees revealed adequate
levels of psychological adjustment. The second meta-analysis (Juffer & van IJzendoorn, 2005) considered 34 studies regarding the referral of adoptees to mental health services and 64 studies about behavior problems displayed by
the adoptees themselves. In order to better understand the
effect of intercountry adoption, international adoptees were
matched with domestic adoptees and non-adopted peers.
Results showed that when compared to their non-adopted
counterparts, intercountry adoptees revealed more externalized and internalized behavior problems but less than those
shown by domestic adoptees.
In 2010, Hawk and McCall developed a systematic
review of 18 studies in intercountry adoption, in which the
age at adoption was indicated as being the largest contribution to behavior problems. Children adopted over the age
of 18 months presented more externalized and internalized
behavior problems as well as attention deficits. Post-institutionalized adoptees also showed more problems when compared to those who had never been in residential care.
In short, empirical research on adolescent adoptees’ psychological adjustment has shown contrasting results and
the above mentioned systematic review and meta-analytic
studies appear to be narrow banded analyses focused on
adopted/non-adopted comparisons of behavioral outcomes.
Thus, the main purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the psychological adjustment of adoptees and identify
the frequency of behavioral problems of adopted adolescents from both domestic and intercountry adoptions. It
seeks to consider the characteristics, objectives and results
of research related to this topic, from 2004 up until now, so
as to grasp the real meaning of research contributions and
identify the gaps of knowledge in this field.
401
In order to overcome the mere comparison between
adopted and non-adopted adolescents and understand the
processes underlying the variability of the psychological adjustment of adoptees, the present systematic review
includes studies that compare adopted and non-adopted
adolescents and studies focusing only on adolescent adoptees. Indeed, although the relevance of acknowledging the
difficulties in adjustment of adoptees is evident, the mere
comparison between adopted/non-adopted is simply limiting the complexity of this phenomenon. Even when
research shows no difference between adopted and nonadopted adolescents, there is enough evidence of variability within the adopted group. Only studies focused on just
adopted adolescents can provide relevant data in order to
understand the specific processes underlining the variability of the psychological (mal)adjustment of adoptees
in this age range, taking into consideration different paths
to adoption, such as, adoption in infancy or later adoption,
adoption due to abuse or neglect, prior institutionalization or family foster care (Palacios & Brodzinsky, 2010),
and developmental specificities namely, the formation
of identity (Brodzinsky, 1990; Haugaard & Hazan, 2003;
Lee, 2003), which can be of increased difficulty, given the
uncertainty and the gaps of information regarding the adoptee’s origins and personal history (Grotevant, 1997; Grotevant et al., 2000).
Additionally, this is also the first systematic review that
simultaneously considers domestic and intercountry adoption studies in order to better understand the global phenomenon of adoption. Domestic adoption, as well as intercountry adoption are opportunities for children to break
away from previous adversity and be integrated into stimulating, loving and protective families. Only when looking
at intercountry and domestic adoptions, is it possible to
thoroughly apprehend in-depth adoption, insofar that differences between these two types of adoption can be considered and emphasis on their overall similarities can be privileged, as they both provide a discontinuity in the adoptee’s
life pathway. Thus, the present systematic review takes into
consideration both kinds of adoption and aims at identifying the variables related to adolescent adoptees’ psychological (mal)adjustment and behavior problems.
Method
Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion criteria considered in this review were: (1) studies had to be empirical; (2) the main research question
had to be the analysis of behavior problems and psychological adjustment in adoptees aged from 11 to 21; (3) the
adolescents had to have been adopted at least for a year.
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The exclusion criteria were: (1) studies with only nonadopted samples; (2) studies whose main objective was to
understand the impact of variables not related to adoption
regarding adjustment problems; (3) non empirical studies;
(4) studies whose main objective was not to describe the
psychological adjustment nor the frequency of behavioral
problems of adoptees; (5) studies that were not specific to
adolescents; (6) studies of intervention programs and their
evaluation; (7) studies with clinical samples; (8) studies
whose samples were not placed within the adoptive family
for at least one year.
Search Strategies
The studies were identified by a search in various databases
in the areas of Health and Psychology through EBSCOhost,
in particular, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE, PsycArticles, ERIC, Education Source,
SocIndex, Teacher Reference Center and Psychology and
Behavioral Sciences Collection. This search focused on the
period from 2004 to June, 2016, since the latest and most
relevant meta-analysis (Juffer & van IJzendoorn, 2005)
considered all studies prior to 2004.
In order to avoid failures in the inclusion of articles
that satisfied the criteria which had been set out, as well as
the bias caused by the keywords used in the search, there
was a complementary manual search of papers which had
not been published and doctoral theses (through a Google
search and analysis of abstracts of conferences and congresses). The keywords used in the search were: adopted
adolescents combined with mental health, (mal) adjustment, behavior problem, emotional problem. In the search
process there were no geographical or Western language
limitations.
The assessment of the eligib…
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