Moorpark College East West and Modern Germany Essay Assignment: The purpose of these exercises is to enhance your ability to analyze primary sources, rela

Moorpark College East West and Modern Germany Essay Assignment:

The purpose of these exercises is to enhance your ability to analyze primary sources, relate their contents to other textual evidence, and engage in the practice of historical interpretation. Each student will compose a short written response in which they answer the questions below based on their reading of the selected document as well as their knowledge of relevant course materials. Please look over the questions before you read the document. Papers should be approximately 700 words (two to three pages), typed and double-spaced in twelve-point font, and edited for spelling and grammatical errors. They should also paraphrase or directly quote the document where appropriate, though you do not need to include formal citations. You must include 4 paraphrase or directly quote from the document. Attached are the sources that can be used. deconstruction the text and pay close enough attention to the wording of the questions or addressing them in full. Overall theme: Military Affairs/Warfare

Occupation and the Emergence of Two States, 1945-1961

Questions:

Who is the author of this text and what is it about?
Based on your understanding of lecture content and course readings, do you agree with his or her argument or depiction? Why or why not?
In its treatment of your chosen topic, how is this text similar to and/or different from the ones you examined in previous SAEs? What accounts for these parallels and/or discrepancies?
What does the document tell us about other long-term trends or themes in twentieth-century German history?
What did you find most interesting about this text and why? A History of Germany 1918–2014
A History of Germany
1918–2014
The Divided Nation
Fourth Edition
Mary Fulbrook
This edition first published 2015
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Edition history: Fontana Ltd (1e, 1991), Blackwell Publishing Ltd (2e, 2002), Mary
Fulbrook (3e, 2009)
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Cover image: Berlin Wall © Photocase Addicts GmbH / Alamy
Set in 10/12pt Plantin by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
1
2015
Contents
List of Plates
List of Maps
Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgements
1
The Course of German History
Part I A Divided Society: The Weimar
Republic and the Third Reich
vii
ix
x
xi
xii
xiv
1
13
2
The Weimar Republic: Origins and Orientations
15
3
The Collapse of Democracy and the Rise of Hitler
40
4
A ‘National Community’? State, Economy and Society,
1933–1939
57
War, Extermination and Defeat
80
5
Part II The Divided Nation: The Two Germanies,
1945–1990
111
6
Occupation and Division, 1945–1949
113
7
Crystallization and Consolidation, 1949–1961
142
8
Transformation and the ‘Established Phase’, 1961–1988
164
9
Diverging Societies
183
Politics and the State
200
10
vi
Contents
11
Dissent and Opposition
217
12
Diverging Cultures and National Identities?
237
13
The East German Revolution and the End of the Postwar Era
259
Part III The Divided Century
281
14
The Berlin Republic
283
15
Tension and Transformation in Twentieth-century Germany
301
Notes
Select Bibliography of English-language Works
Index
319
337
345
Plates
1 Unemployed dock-workers in January 1931
2 Hitler’s triumphal arrival to popular acclaim in his
former home town of Linz during the 1938 Anschluss
of Austria (which subsequently represented itself as
‘Hitler’s first victim’)
3 German soldiers execute ‘partisans’, Lithuania, 1944
4 Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto, who, if they survived the
misery, hunger and sickness of ghetto life, would
ultimately be transported and murdered in
an extermination camp
5 West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer looks
uncomfortable on a visit to Berlin’s Brandenburg
Gate, in August 1961, a week after the Berlin Wall
was erected
6 Schoolchildren on their weekly ‘day in industry’ in
the ‘people’s own factory’, with which their school is
twinned, admire the progress board in the ‘competition
for fulfilment of the plan’
7 Couple watching television, Er magazine cover, 1952
8 East Berliners hack out mementoes from the now
defunct Berlin Wall, in the spring of 1990
9 Demonstration against rising rents and gentrification,
Kreuzberg, Berlin, June 2013
10 CDU poster ‘Wir haben mehr zu bieten’
(‘We have more to offer’) showing CDU
candidates Vera Lengsfeld (formerly Vera Wollenberger)
and Angela Merkel
11 ‘Stolpersteine’ – pavement ‘cobblestones to stumble over’,
commemorating former Jewish inhabitants who were
deported and murdered by the Nazis
48
77
88
93
163
169
243
270
286
289
298
viii
List of Plates
12 The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe,
in the heart of Berlin, spreading over several acres
between the Brandenburg Gate and the site of
Hitler’s bunker, and providing an inescapable and
controversial reminder of the Jewish victims of Nazism
299
Maps
2.1
3.1
4.1
4.2
5.1
5.2
5.3
The Versailles settlement, 1919
The electoral performance of the NSDAP, 1924–1932
The Reichstag elections, 5 March 1933
Territorial annexation, 1935–1939
The partition of Poland, 1939
Hitler’s empire by autumn 1942
Major concentration camps, including
extermination centres
5.4 Proportions of Europe’s Jewish population
murdered in the Final Solution
6.1 The division of Germany after 1945
13.1 United Germany, 1990
28
50
58
79
81
85
94
97
115
278
Preface to the Fourth Edition
The fourth edition includes substantially updated material for Chapter 14
on the Berlin Republic, as well as a number of amendments throughout the
text, reflecting the changing emphases of the historiography over recent
years. I have again decided against major restructuring and rewriting,
although in many areas, if I were to start afresh, it would be a substantially
different book. I would like in particular to thank the following for their
helpful written comments on the previous edition, particularly relating to
references to Poland throughout the work: Professor Daria Na??cz of the
Polish Academy of Sciences, Lazarski University; Professor Marek
Wierzbicki of the Catholic University of Lublin; and Marcin Wodzi?ski of
the University of Wroc?aw; as well as other participants in a meeting on
‘Recovering Forgotten History’ which took place in Warsaw in 2011. I would
also like to thank the anonymous readers for Blackwell for their various suggestions regarding the whole text, and Carl for his characteristically perceptive and intelligent comments on aspects of Weimar culture.
Preface to the Third Edition
In making revisions for the third edition, I have added a separate chapter on
Germany since unification, andhavesubstantially up dated the bibliography.
In some sections of the book, I have also amended the text where I felt that
there were significant omissions, or where the historiography has moved on
so much that my previous remarks could not be left untouched. In making
revisions, however, I have again had to resist the temptation to write a substantially new book, and have left the original lines of argument and organization intact.
Preface to the Second Edition
Revising this work for a second edition, ten years after its first appearance,
has proved an interesting experience. I first completed the original manuscript as the GDR was in the process of implosion and collapse; I hung onto
the manuscript, writing the chapter on the revolution and unification as
events actually unfolded in the course of 1989–90. Not only was there no
secondary literature at this time on the immediate events of 1989–90; there
was also remarkably little of any depth on the longer course of GDR history,
polarized as this field was between state-sanctioned Marxist–Leninist
accounts in the East and a predominance of rather narrowly institutional,
occasionally speculative political science analyses in the West, alongside dissident critiques and ambiguous literary interpretations. With the opening of
the East German archives in the early 1990s this situation has now radically
changed. There is a flourishing field of GDR historical research, with the
emergence of whole new areas of inquiry, lively debates and conflicting
interpretations. Meanwhile, research on the Third Reich has also moved on
significantly, although perhaps – given the scale of what was already happening in this most controversial field before 1990 – proportionately less
dramatically. While there have also been shifts of emphasis in the fields of
the Weimar Republic and pre-1990 West German history, particularly in
areas of social history and in studies seeking to cross the 1945 divide, these
have perhaps not produced such a radically new intellectual landscape on
the scale of that for the GDR.
I have therefore made willfully lopsided corrections to the original edition
of this work. I have made amendments to those parts of the text which deal
with areas where debates have moved on significantly in ways which cannot
be ignored. I have added a brief epilogue to Chapter 13 on Germany since
unification. I have substantially updated what remains a stringently selective bibliography, in order to guide readers towards further reading in
English on areas which could not be discussed more extensively in the text.
Preface to the Second Edition
xiii
But I have resisted the temptation to add too many minor amendments
throughout the text which, by seeking to recognize recent research findings
and accommodate all the current concerns of academia, would have effectively unbalanced the general lines of the original narrative. I have also
resisted the temptation to embark on major rewriting in areas where I now
would approach questions rather differently, which could in effect have
turned this into a whole new book (and I am mindful of the question of
whether a bicycle which, after having a total overhaul, from brakes, chain,
pedals, gears and saddle to new forks and frame, is still the ‘same’ bicycle as
the original). It also seems important to ensure that the historiographical as
well as historical watershed of 1990 does not result in obscuring some of the
major issues and perspectives which remain important. I am thus acutely
conscious of the fact that I have not been able to do full justice, within the
constraints of a volume of this length, to all the research that has appeared
since the first edition. I can only hope that readers will be stimulated to
­follow some of the suggestions in the notes and bibliography to explore in
greater depth topics which I have not been able to cover more fully in this
particular compass.
Mary Fulbrook
London
Acknowledgements
The story of Germany in the twentieth century is a compelling one, which
has profoundly affected European and world history. It has dramatically
shaped – and drastically truncated – the lives of millions of people, Germans
and non-Germans, and continues to be of central importance in European
and world affairs.
At a very personal level, my own interest in German history was stimulated by my mother, a refugee from Nazi Germany. Born during the First
World War, growing up in the Berlin of the 1920s and early 1930s, her
whole life was radically affected by being the child of a ‘mixed marriage’,
ensuring that as a ‘non-Aryan’ she would have no future in Hitler’s ‘national
community’. In many ways, this book is for her.
Friends and acquaintances in both Germanies (pre-1990!) provided
many insights. It would be invidious to name selected individuals. I am
grateful particularly for the willingness of many East Germans to enter into
very open and wide-ranging discussions. On a number of visits to the GDR,
I spoke with people from a wide variety of backgrounds, including members
of the SED, dissenters, committed Protestants of a range of political persuasions, and others. Both arranged interviews and more informal talks turned
out, in retrospect, to have taken place in a historic moment before a whole
sociopolitical system was about to pass away, and have informed my understanding of the dynamics of pre-revolutionary East Germany. Some of the
views and comments made by people to whom I spoke before 1989 could
not be captured again except as refracted and distorted with the ‘benefit’ of
hindsight.
While actually engaged in writing this book, the East German revolution
unfolded. The wonders of word processing made it relatively easy to change
the present to the past tense with respect to discussions of Honecker’s
Germany; more problematic was the realization that what is of interest to
both author and readers changes rather fundamentally when a revolution is
Acknowledgements xv
known to be on the political agenda. It then becomes apparent which elements
of the historical kaleidoscope will prove to be of central importance, and
which can be consigned to the sidelines, as, perhaps, of only antiquarian
interest. As the focus of current discussion changes, so too do the points of
historical interest. The contemporary relevance which lies behind the construction of historical accounts becomes all too clear when the parameters
which constitute the ‘present’ are rapidly changing.
I would like to thank Fontana for bearing with me while I sat on, and
periodically altered, the text (sometimes it seemed I would have to update
and revise Chapter 13 in particular at weekly or even daily intervals). Over
a somewhat longer period, I am grateful to colleagues and students at
University College London for their stimulation and support. Students of
my intercollegiate history seminar on the two Germanies will recognize
many of our discussions in the chapters which form Part II. Participation in
conferences organized by, among others, the German History Society, also
helped to inform my views and approach. More particularly, I am extremely
grateful to Professor William Carr, Dr Jill Stephenson and the reader for
Fontana, for their very valuable comments on the manuscript. While I have
not been able to act on all their suggestions, they have certainly saved me
from a number of errors and helped me to clarify aspects of the account.
The responsibility for the inaccuracies and infelicities which remain is, of
course, entirely mine.
The maps were produced by the UCL Geography Department, and
I would particularly like to thank Louise Saunders for her work. Grants
from the British Academy, the University of London Central Research
Fund, and the UCL Dean’s Fund, have assisted periods of research in
Germany. I am very grateful for this support.
Finally, I would like to thank my husband and three children for suffering
and sustaining the research for and writing of this book. Without my husband’s unfailing support, and more than equal partnership in parenting, the
book could not have been written. Without my children, recounting the
fates of those who were born into less fortunate historical circumstances
might have been much less meaningful.
1
The Course of German History
In those extraordinary months after the fall of the Berlin Wall in November
1989, when discussion of the unification of the two Germanies was for the
first time in forty years back on the serious political agenda, many voices
were raised giving views on ‘the German question’. From a variety of quarters, prejudices were aired which had lain dormant – along with the memories, gas masks, and other relics of the Second World War – over the years
when the Cold War and the balance of terror had seemed to ensure a fragile
peace in a divided Europe. Suddenly, the prospect of a united, economically
powerful, and politically sovereign Germany, active again in central Europe
and in a position to mediate between East and West, aroused strong
­emotions among those whose view of Germany had been largely confined
to an ill-assorted combination of images of Hitler and sleek West German
capitalist competitors. Who were the Germans? What was their national
character, if they had one? Who were those people who called themselves
Germans, from the other, Eastern, side of the rapidly crumbling Iron
Curtain, who in many ways seemed not a bit like their Western brothers and
sisters? Provoked into having to make a rapid response to the collapse of
communist rule in Eastern Europe, many people outside Germany found
they had a serious deficit of knowledge and understanding. Many Germans,
too – both East and West – found that the Iron Curtain, and the proclaimed
‘zero hour’ of 1945, had raised barriers to informed interpretation. History –
although it did not come to an end in 1989, as some pundits, like the
American scholar Fukuyama, wished to proclaim – did indeed seem to
have stopped, as far as many textbooks were concerned, in 1945. Thereafter,
politics and sociology took over – to provide partial snapshots of an ­apparently
eternal present, unconnected with the radically different past.
A History of Germany 1918–2014: The Divided Nation, Fourth Edition. Mary Fulbrook.
© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2
The Course of German History
But prejudices based on partial perceptions of Hitler’s rule, more than
half a century earlier, combined with limited impressions of a rapidly changing present, can scarcely provide a secure basis of understanding. The ‘land
in the centre of Europe’, Germany, had for decades held an uneasy position
in the European and world balance of power – as well as being an
­extraordinary powerhouse of creativity, in cultural and intellectual as well as
economic respects. The complexities of German history demand serious
and detailed engagement – and many observers have seen it as a most
­peculiar history, thus provoking heated debates on interpretation.
Over the centuries, there has been a ‘German question’. Some analysts
have seen its beginnings – somewhat anachronistically – in the ‘failure’ to
establish a unified state in the Middle Ages. In the days of the politically
decentralized ‘Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation’, the multiplicity
of German lands – ranging from the more important secular and ecclesiastical
principalities and city states through to the minuscule fiefdoms of ‘independent imperial knights’ – formed an interdependent system over which
the emperors (often pursuing dynastic interests outside the Empire) never
quite gained central control. The cultural and political conflicts involved in
the Reformation of the sixteenth century helped to institutionalize the
decentralization of the German lands. Religious differences coincided and
overlapped with political conflicts to confirm this diversity in the course of
the seventeenth century, in the series of conflicts which formed the so-called
Thirty Years War (1618–48). Yet the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was effectively able only to seal a stalemate: neither religious uniformity nor political
centralization was achieved. The territorial rulers enjoyed sovereignty within
their own states, while still remaining formally subordinate to the Emperor.
Clashes among states competing for domination in the emerging European
state system continued in the ‘age of absolutism’ of the later seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries. While, from the myriad of small st…
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