Mechanical Engineering and Environmental Ethics Paper and Presentation Hi, The presentation : I need 40 slides on PowerPoint from this book “Introduction T

Mechanical Engineering and Environmental Ethics Paper and Presentation Hi, The presentation : I need 40 slides on PowerPoint from this book “Introduction To Engineering Ethics Second Edition” just about the chapter 9 ( introduction, research questions, methods , result , discussion , conclusion) and for presentation I need speaker’s note for every slide on Word document. chapter 9: Environmental Ethics 201 9.1 Engineering, Ecology, and Economics 202 The Invisible Hand and the Commons 202 Engineers: Sustainable Development 204 Corporations: Environmental Leadership 206 Government: Technology Assessment, Incentives, Taxes 207 Market Mechanisms: Internalizing Costs 208 Communities: Preventing Natural Disasters 209 Social Activists 210 Two Corps Cases 212 Discussion Questions 215 9.2 Environmental Moral Frameworks 216 Human-Centered Ethics 217 Sentient-Centered Ethics 219 Biocentric Ethics 220 Ecocentric Ethics 221 Religious Perspectives 221 Discussion Questions 223 Organization – The text has been expanded from 6 to 10 chapters, with
increased coverage given to computer ethics, moral reasoning and codes of
ethics, personal commitments in engineering, environmental ethics, honesty
and research integrity, the philosophy of technology, and peace engineering.
Schinzinger
Features include:
Basic Engineering Series and Tools
Martin
Now in its second edition, Introduction to Engineering Ethics provides the
framework for discussing the basic issues in engineering ethics. Emphasis is
given to the moral problems engineers face in the corporate setting. It places
those issues within a philosophical framework, and it seeks to exhibit their
social importance and intellectual challenge. The goal is to stimulate critical
and responsible reflection on moral issues surrounding engineering practice
and to provide the conceptual tools necessary for responsible decision making.
Introduction To
Engineering Ethics
Second Edition
Case Studies – Updated case studies are provided throughout the book to
further support the concepts presented.
NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers – The National Society of Professional
Engineers Code of Ethics for Engineers is included.
®
Second
Edition
MD DALIM #1003647 1/20/09 CYAN MAG YELO BLK
Introduction to
Welcome to the BEST!
McGraw-Hill’s BEST – Basic Engineering Series and Tools – consists of
modularized textbooks and applications appropriate for the topic covered in
most introductory engineering courses. The goal of the series is to provide
the educational community with material that is timely, affordable, of high
quality, and flexible in how it is used. For a list of BEST titles, visit our
website at www.mhhe.com/engcs/general/best.
Engineering Ethics
Discussion Questions – Thought-provoking discussion questions appear
at the end of each section.
Mike W. Martin
Roland Schinzinger
Introduction to
Engineering Ethics
Second Edition
Mike W. Martin
Professor of Philosophy
Chapman University
Roland Schinzinger
Late Professor Emeritus of Electrical Engineering
University of California, Irvine
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INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ETHICS, SECOND EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Previous edition © 2000. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martin, Mike W., 1946Introduction to engineering ethics / Mike W. Martin, Roland Schinzinger.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of Introduction to engineering ethics / Roland Schinzinger, Mike W. Martin. 2000.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-07-248311-6—ISBN 0-07-248311-3 (hard copy : alk. paper)
I. Schinzinger, Roland. Introduction to engineering ethics. II. Title.
TA157.S382 2010
174’.962—dc22
2008047516
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In memory of Roland Schinzinger—
Inspiring mentor, friend, and advocate for peace.
Mike W. Martin
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CONTENTS
About the Authors
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
1
xi
xv
Ethics and Professionalism
1
1.1 Ethics and Excellence in Engineering
2
Micro and Macro Issues
3
Dimensions of Engineering
5
Potential Moral Problems
7
What Is Engineering Ethics?
8
Why Study Engineering Ethics?
10
Discussion Questions
12
1.2 Responsible Professionals, Professions,
and Corporations
14
Saving Citicorp Tower
14
Meanings of Responsibility
16
Engineering as a Profession
18
Ethical Corporations
19
Senses of Corporate Responsibility
Discussion Questions
23
2
22
Moral Reasoning and Codes of Ethics
2.1 Moral Choices and Ethical Dilemmas
27
27
Designing Aluminum Cans
27
Steps in Resolving Ethical Dilemmas
30
Right-Wrong or Better-Worse?
34
Moral Decision Making as Design
37
Discussion Questions
38
2.2 Codes of Ethics
40
Importance of Codes
Abuse of Codes
41
Limitations of Codes
40
42
v
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vi
Introduction to
Engineering Ethics
Ethical Relativism
44
Justification of Codes
46
Discussion Questions
47
3
Moral Frameworks
49
3.1 Rights Ethics, Duty Ethics, Utilitarianism
Rights Ethics
49
Duty Ethics
52
Utilitarianism
55
Discussion Questions
57
3.2 Virtue Ethics, Self-Realization Ethics
Virtue Ethics
60
Self-Realization Ethics
64
Ethical Egoism
68
Which Ethical Theory Is Best?
Discussion Questions
73
4
60
71
Engineering as Social Experimentation
4.1 Engineering as Experimentation
78
4.2 Engineers as Responsible Experimenters
Conscientiousness
86
Comprehensive Perspective
Moral Autonomy
88
Accountability
89
A Balanced Outlook on Law
Industrial Standards
93
Challenger
95
Discussion Questions
102
Commitment to Safety
5.1 Safety and Risk
CONFIRMING PAGES
80
85
87
91
105
106
The Concept of Safety
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77
78
Similarities to Standard Experiments
Learning from the Past
79
Contrasts with Standard Experiments
Discussion Questions
84
5
49
106
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vii
Contents
Risks
108
Acceptability of Risk
Discussion Questions
109
113
5.2 Assessing and Reducing Risk
114
Uncertainties in Design
114
Risk-Benefit Analyses
118
Personal Risk versus Public Risk
120
Examples of Improved Safety
122
Three Mile Island
123
Safe Exits
127
Discussion Questions
128
6
Workplace Responsibilities and Rights
6.1 Confidentiality and Conflicts of Interest
131
132
Confidentiality: Definition
132
Confidentiality and Changing Jobs
133
Confidentiality and Management Policies
135
Confidentiality: Justification
136
Conflicts of Interest: Definition and Examples
137
Moral Status of Conflicts of Interest
140
Discussion Questions
141
6.2 Teamwork and Rights
143
An Ethical Corporate Climate
143
Loyalty and Collegiality
144
Managers and Engineers
146
Professional Rights
147
Employee Rights
150
Discussion Questions
155
7
Truth and Truthfulness
7.1 Whistle-Blowing
159
161
Whistle-Blowing: Definition
161
Moral Guidelines
163
Protecting Whistle-Blowers
164
Common Sense Procedures
165
Beyond Whistle-Blowing
166
Discussion Questions
167
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viii
Introduction to
Engineering Ethics
7.2 Honesty and Research Integrity
169
Truthfulness
169
Trustworthiness
171
Academic Integrity: Students
172
Research Integrity
174
Bias and Self-Deception
175
Protecting Research Subjects
177
Giving and Claiming Credit
178
Discussion Questions
180
8
Computer Ethics
183
The Internet and Free Speech
Power Relationships
186
Property
189
Privacy
193
Additional Issues
195
Discussion Questions
196
9
Environmental Ethics
184
201
9.1 Engineering, Ecology, and Economics
202
The Invisible Hand and the Commons
202
Engineers: Sustainable Development
204
Corporations: Environmental Leadership
206
Government: Technology Assessment, Incentives,
Taxes
207
Market Mechanisms: Internalizing Costs
208
Communities: Preventing Natural Disasters
209
Social Activists
210
Two Corps Cases
212
Discussion Questions
215
9.2 Environmental Moral Frameworks
216
Human-Centered Ethics
217
Sentient-Centered Ethics
219
Biocentric Ethics
220
Ecocentric Ethics
221
Religious Perspectives
221
Discussion Questions
223
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ix
Contents
10
Global Justice
227
10.1 Multinational Corporations
229
Technology Transfer and Appropriate Technology
Bhopal
231
“When in Rome”
233
International Rights
234
Promoting Morally Just Measures
236
Discussion Questions
237
10.2 Weapons Development and Peace
230
240
Involvement in Weapons Work
240
Defense Industry Problems
243
Peace Engineering
244
Discussion Questions
246
Appendix
Index
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249
253
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Mike W. Martin and Roland Schinzinger began their 25-year
collaboration as a philosopher-engineer team in the National
Project on Philosophy and Engineering Ethics, 1978–1980.
They have coauthored articles, team-taught courses, and given
presentations to audiences of engineers and philosophers. In
1992 they received the Award for Distinguished Literary Contributions Furthering Engineering Professionalism from The
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, United States
Activities Board.
Introduction to Engineering Ethics is a condensed and updated
version of their book, Ethics in Engineering, which has been published in several editions and translations.
Mike W. Martin received his BS and MA from the University of
Utah, and his PhD from the University of California, Irvine, and
he is currently professor of philosophy at Chapman University.
His books include Creativity: Ethics and Excellence in Science
(2007), Everyday Morality (2007), Albert Schweitzer’s Reverence
for Life (2007), From Morality to Mental Health (2006), and Meaningful Work: Rethinking Professional Ethics (2000). A member of
Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi, he received the Arnold L.
and Lois S. Graves Award for Teachers in the Humanities, two
fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities,
and several teaching awards from Chapman University.
Roland Schinzinger (1926–2004) received his BS, MS, and
PhD in electrical engineering from the University of California
at Berkeley, and he was a founding faculty member to the University of California at Irvine. Born and raised in Japan, where
he had industrial experience with several companies, he worked
in the United States as a design and development engineer at
Westinghouse Electric Corporation. He is author or coauthor
of Conformal Mapping: Methods and Applications (1991, 2003),
Emergencies in Water Delivery (1979), and Experiments in
Electricity and Magnetism (1961). His honors include the IEEE
Centennial and Third Millennium medals, Fellow of IEEE, and
Fellow of AAAS.
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PREFACE
Technology has a pervasive and profound effect on the contemporary world, and engineers play a central role in all aspects
of technological development. To hold paramount the safety,
health, and welfare of the public, engineers must be morally
committed and equipped to grapple with ethical dilemmas they
confront.
Introduction to Ethics in Engineering provides an introduction
to the issues in engineering ethics. It places those issues within
a philosophical framework, and it seeks to exhibit their social
importance and intellectual challenge. The goal is to stimulate
reasoning and to provide the conceptual tools necessary for
responsible decision making.
In large measure we proceed by clarifying key concepts, discussing alternative views, and providing relevant case study
material. Yet in places we argue for particular positions that
in a subject such as ethics can only be controversial. We do so
because it better serves our goal of encouraging responsible reasoning than would a mere digest of others’ views. We are confident that such reasoning is possible in ethics, and that, through
engaged and tolerant dialogue, progress can be made in dealing
with what at first seem irresolvable difficulties.
The book has expanded from 6 to 10 chapters. In addition to new
case studies such as global warming and Hurricane Katrina,
increased coverage is given to moral reasoning and codes of ethics, personal commitments in engineering, environmental ethics,
honesty and research integrity, the philosophy of technology,
and peace engineering. “Micro issues” concerning choices by individuals and corporations are connected throughout the book with
“macro issues” about broader social concerns.
Case studies appear throughout the text, frequently as part of
the Discussion Topics. Those cases not described in great detail
offer the opportunity for practice in literature searches. Most of
our case studies are based on secondary sources. Thus, each case
carries with it an implied statement of the sort “If engineer X
and company Y did indeed act in the way described, then. . . .” It
is important to avoid inflexible conclusions regarding persons or
Second Edition
xiii
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xiv
Introduction to
Engineering Ethics
organizations based on one or two cases from the past. Persons
can and do change with time for the better or for the worse, and
so can organizations.
Basic
Engineering
Series and
Tools
McGraw-Hill’s BEST—Basic Engineering Series and Tools—consists of modularized textbooks and applications appropriate for
the topic covered in most introductory engineering courses. The
goal of the series is to provide the educational community with
material that is timely, affordable, of high quality, and flexible in
how it is used. For a list of BEST titles, visit our website at www
.mhhe.com/engcs/general/best.
Electronic
Textbook
Options
This text is offered through CourseSmart for both instructors
and students. CourseSmart is an online browser where students
can purchase access to this and other McGraw-Hill textbooks in
digital format. Through their browser, students can access the
complete text online at almost half the cost of a traditional text.
Purchasing the eTextbook also allows students to take advantage
of CourseSmart’s web tools for learning, which include full text
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between classmates. To learn more about CourseSmart options,
contact your sales representative or visit www.CourseSmart.com.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals have influenced our thinking about engineering ethics. We wish to thank especially Robert J. Baum, Michael
Davis, Dave Dorchester, Walter Elden, Charles B. Fleddermann,
Albert Flores, Alastair S. Gunn, Charles E. (Ed) Harris, Joseph
R. Herkert, Jacqueline A. Hynes, Deborah G. Johnson, Ron
Kline, Edwin T. Layton, Jerome Lederer, Heinz C. Luegenbiehl,
Carl Mitcham, Steve Nichols, Kevin M. Passino, Michael J.
Rabins, Jimmy Smith, Michael S. Pritchard, Harold Sjursen,
Carl M. Skooglund, John Stupar, Stephen H. Unger, Pennington
Vann, P. Aarne Vesilind, Vivien Weil, Caroline Whitbeck, and
Joseph Wujek.
We also thank the reviewers who provided many helpful suggestions in developing this edition.
Rosalyn W. Berne
University of Virginia
David L. Prentiss
University of Rhode Island
Nicole Larson
Western Washington
University
R. Keith Stanfill
University of Florida
Charles F. Yokomoto,
Professor Emeritus
Indiana University-Purdue
University Indianapolis
Donald G. Lemke
University of Illinois
at Chicago
Gene Moriarty
San Jose State University
And we thank the many authors and publishers who granted
us permission to use copyrighted material as acknowledged
in the notes, and also the National Society of Professional
Engineers® which allowed us to print its code of ethics in the
Appendix.
Our deepest gratitude is to our families, whose love and
insights have so deeply enriched our work and our lives.
Mike W. Martin and Roland Schinzinger
xv
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C H A P T E R
1
Ethics and
Professionalism
Engineers create products and processes to improve food production, shelter, energy, communication, transportation, health,
and protection against natural calamities—and to enhance the
convenience and beauty of our everyday lives. They make possible spectacular human triumphs once only dreamed of in myth
and science fiction. Almost a century and a half ago in From the
Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne imagined American space travelers being launched from Florida, circling the moon, and returning to splash down in the Pacific Ocean. In December 1968, three
astronauts aboard an Apollo spacecraft did exactly that. Seven
months later, on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong took the first
human steps on the moon (Figure 1-1). This extraordinary event
was shared with millions of earthbound people watching the live
broadcast on television. Engineering had transformed our sense
of connection with the cosmos and even fostered dreams of routine space travel for ordinary citizens.
Figure 1–1
Neil Armstrong on Moon
Historicus, Inc./RF
1
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2
Introduction to
Engineering Ethics
1.1 Ethics and
Excellence in
Engineering
Most technology, however, has double implications: As it creates benefits, it raises new moral challenges. Just as exploration
of the moon and planets stand as engineering triumphs, so the
explosions of the space shuttles, Challenger in 1986 and Columbia in 2003, were tragedies that could have been prevented had
urgent warnings voiced by experienced engineers been heeded.
We will examine these and other cases of human error, for in
considering ethics and engineering alike we can learn from seeing how things go wrong.
In doing so, however, we should avoid allowing technological risks to overshadow technological benefits. Ethics involves
appreciating the vast positive dimensions of engineering that so
deeply enrich our lives. To cite only a few examples, each of us
benefits from the top 20 engineering achievements of the twentieth century, as identified by the National Academy of Engineering: electrification, automobiles, airplanes, water supply
and distribution, electronics, radio and television, agricultural
mechanization, computers, telephones, air-conditioning and
refrigeration, highways, spacecrafts, Internet, imaging technologies in medicine and elsewhere, household appliances, health
technologies, petrochemical technologies, laser and fiber optics,
nuclear technologies, and high-performance materials.1
This chapter identifies some of the moral complexity in
engineering, defines engineering ethics, and states the goals
in studying it. It also underscores the importance of accepting
and sharing moral responsibility within the corporate setting in
which today most engineering takes place, and also the need for
a basic congruence between the goals of responsible professionals, professions, and corporations.
Moral values are embedded in engineering projects as standards
of excellence, not “tacked on” as external burdens. This is true
of even the simplest engineering projects, as illustrated by the
following assignment given to studen…
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