ERAU Research Methodology and Analysis Lab Report Using the research question and hypotheses you developed in your Literature Review, write a report outlin

ERAU Research Methodology and Analysis Lab Report Using the research question and hypotheses you developed in your Literature Review, write a report outlining the type of data you would collect, how you would collect it, and how you would analyze it. SEE ALL PARTS TO RESEARCH PAPER BELOW.

The primary purpose of this Research Methodology Report Assignment is to give you experience in determining appropriate research methods to be used with the research question and hypotheses you have posed and with the type of data you would need to collect to answer your question.

Assignment Guidelines:

Your report must contain the following sections (use these sections as headings in your paper). APA formatting standards must be followed throughout.

Study Design – This is an overview section that includes information from your previous assignments. You should repeat the research question and hypotheses from your literature review assignment here, then briefly tell what type of study you would do, what type of data you would collect, and summarize how you would collect and analyze the data. Most of these points are covered in more detail in later sections.
Population and Sample – This is a short section describing the population for your report, your sample, and how your sample will be selected.
Variables and Measures – Describe the variables in your study. Indicate whether they are independent, dependent, moderating, or intervening. Describe the relationship between the variables. Tell how they will be measured.
Data Collection Methods – Tell what kind of data you need to collect and how, where, and when you will collect the data. If you plan to use a survey or questionnaire, include a copy of that instrument in an appendix to your report. Also, include a copy of your cover letter for your survey. If you plan to interview, tell if it would be structured or unstructured and why. If it is a structured interview, include the questions you would ask in an appendix to the report.
Data Analysis Methods – Describe the techniques you will use to analyze the data. Indicate why you selected those methods and why they are appropriate. You must be specific and detailed in identifying and justifying the processes and statistical tests you will use in the analysis of your data.
References – Your report must contain a reference section that includes all sources in your paper. References must be in APA format.
WILL BE CHECKED THROUGH TURNITIN!!! Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
Díaz, V., Montalvo, Z., & Banfi, G. (2011). White blood cell counts in elite triathletes over four
consecutive seasons. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(5), 893-4. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1007/s00421-010-1701-6
In this article, the scholars seek to determine the impact that exercise by triathletes has on
the count on white blood cells in their bodies. The study examines this concept in these
athletes for a period of over four consecutive seasons. This study is useful to my study
because it provides insight on similar issues as my study. Further, it reliable and credible
because it is peer-reviewed and published in an accredited journal. Finally, in terms of
currency, the article is a bit current having been published within a period of fewer than
ten years.
Fife, B. (2011). The Detox Book, 3rd Edition: How to Detoxify Your Body to Improve your
Health, Stop Disease, and Reverse Aging Third Edition. Piccadilly Books, Limited; Third
Edition edition (September 1, 2011) Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YtEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=
books+on+How++exercising+affect+white+blood+cell+count&source=bl&ots=wojkJT0Bh&sig=ACfU3U3fW7r9WVthV4Do3lgsVngBRpcBfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwinxKD_vvLpAhVJPcAKHRXFDioQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=books
%20on%20How%20%20exercising%20affect%20white%20blood%20cell%20count&f=f
alse
In this book, the author indicates that exercise plays a critical role in elevating the number
of white blood cells. As such, it makes the argument that people exercise more have
more WBC and can detox the body. This book is important because it provides a different
2
perspective on the matter. It is also credible and reliable as a published academic book. In
terms of currency, it a bit recent having been published less than a decade ago.
Horn, P. L, Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., and Barne, C. J. (2010). Lower white blood cell counts
in elite athletes training for highly aerobic sports. Arbeitsphysiologie 110(5):925-32
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45272697_Lower_white_blood_cell_counts_in
_elite_athletes_training_for_highly_aerobic_sports
In this article, the scholars sought to examine the level of white blood cells in athletes
from their blood samples collected over ten years. The findings of the study revealed that
these athletes had lower white blood cells especially those participating in endurance
sports. This study is useful y my study because it provides related information. Further, it
is credible and reliable because it relied on primary longitudinal data collected over a
long time. Finally, in terms of currency, it is a bit old but still reliable to provide useful
information.
Jafari, M. (2019) Effect of Running Training on White Blood Cells and Platelets Count and Red
Blood
Cells
Distribution
10.5812/intjssh.89513
Width
in
Untrained
Retrieved
Middle-Aged
Men.
DOI:
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332402007_Effect_of_Running_Training_on_
White_Blood_Cells_and_Platelets_Count_and_Red_Blood_Cells_Distribution_Width_in
_Untrained_Middle-Aged_Men
In this study, the scholar sought to determine how exercising affects blood cells within the
body. The findings revealed that within three months the number of erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and platelets had increased improving a person’s ability to fight cardiovascular
3
disease. It’s significant since it provides essential information. It is credible since it engaged
in a primary study and had controlled and its fairly recent having been published last year.
Johannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Johnson, W. D., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., &
Church, T. S. (2012). Effect of different doses of aerobic exercise on total white blood
cell (WBC) and WBC subfraction number in postmenopausal women: Results from
DREW. PLoS One, 7(2) DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0031319
In this article, the scholars sought t determine the impact that engaging in aerobics
exercise had on the number of white blood cells. The study revealed that engaging in
aerobics exercise significantly reduced the number of WBC in overweight subjected. This
article is useful for my study since it provides important information. it is credible and
reliable since the scholars undertook a primary study and the findings of their study were
peer-reviewed. The study is also current and therefore provides a recent view on the
matter.
Johannsen, N. M., Priest, E. L., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2010).
Association of white blood cell subfraction concentration with fitness and fatness. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(8), 588. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1136/bjsm.2008.050682
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the association that existed between
fatness and fitness and with cells. The study revealed that fitness had an inverse
relationship with the number of WBC while fatness had a direct relationship. This is
important to my study since it sheds pertinent information on the topic. Further, it’s
credible and reliable since the scholars undertook actual experiments and their findings
4
have been peer-reviewed. In terms of currency, the article is a bit old since its over a
decade since its publication.
Natale, V. M., Brenner, I. K., Moldoveanu, A. I., Vasiliou, P., Shek, P. Shephard, R. J. (2003).
Effects of three different types of exercise on blood leukocyte count during and following
exercise so Paulo Med. J. vol.121 no.1 São Paulo 2003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S151631802003000100003. Retrieved from
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802003000100003
In this article, the scholars sought to determine how different sets of exercise affects cell
count in the body of eight males who were moderately fit. The findings revealed that two
sets of this exercise that is prolonged submaximal and aerobics changed the cell count
more largely although the effect of aerobics lasted longer. This article is essential for my
study since it shed significant information on the subject. It is credible and reliable
because it was peer-reviewed and published in a credible journal. The article a bit old but
still contains significant information
Nevesa, P. R. D, Tenórioa, T. R.D., Lins, T. A., Muniz, M. T. C., Pithon-Curic, C. T., Botero,
J. P., and Pradoae, W. L.D. (2014)Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts
on leukocyte counts. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness Volume 13, Issue 1, June
2015, Pages 24-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2014.11.003 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1728869X14000471
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the impact that exercising has on the
levels of leukocyte counts. The findings revealed that when the subjects engaged in highintensity exercise they had more leukocyte count. This article is useful to my study since
5
it provides a different perspective on the effect of exercise. It is credible and valid since it
was published in a credible journal and in terms of its currency, it is a recent publication.
Sand, K. L., Flatebo, T., Andersen, M. B., and Maghazachi, A.A (2013). Effects of exercise on
leukocytosis and blood hemostasis in 800 healthy young females and males World J Exp
Med.
2013
Feb
20;
3(1):
11–20.
Retrieved
from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905589/
In these articles, the scholars undertook a longitudinal study for six years and brought
together 800 participants who were both male and female. They sought to determine the
impact that exercises even leisure had on the count hemostasis and leukocytosis. It revealed
that they increased. This study is useful since it provides insight into the same area of study.
It is also credible and valid given the length of time it took, the size of the population, and
the fact that its results are published in a professional journal. Finally, it is a fairly recent
publication providing information on developments in the field.
Shirato, K., Motohashi, N., Tanihata, J., Tachiyashiki, K., Tomoda, A., & Imaizumi, K. (2006).
Effects of two types of inactivity on the number of white blood cells in rats. European
Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(6), 590-600. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1007/s00421-006-0306-6
In this article, the scholars sought to determine the impact that suspension and immobility
have on the immune systems of rats in terms of white blood cells. The study which took
eleven days revealed that the number of white blood cells increased. An assessment of
this article shows that it is useful to my study as it touches on the issue of interest.
Further, it’s reliable since it’s published in a peer-reviewed journal. However, it a little old
based on its year of publication which is over a decade.
6
7
LITERATURE REVIEW ASSIGNMENT
Introduction
Health rated challenges have been on the rise as weakened immune systems make it
impossible for people to fight off disease. It is, therefore, necessary to determine ways that
individuals can improve the strength of their immune systems and control the number of white
blood cells which are indicators of the state of the body. Exercise has often put forth as a way of
improving the general wellbeing of the individual. There however a need to establish the impact
that exercise has on the levels of WBC.
Literature Review
A look at the literature on how exercising affects white blood cell count shows that
several studies have been conducted in the area. Johannsen, et al (2012) asserted that when an
individual has an elevated level of WBC, it is an indicator that they are risk of developing
coronary heart disease as well as death. As such, people should work on reducing the number of
WBC in their bodies. The scholars assert that for a person to lower this count, they must engage
in aerobic exercise. In their study, the scholars established that when dealing with overweight
subjects, aerobics was able to change the count of WBC.
In contrast, the book by Fife (2011) takes a differing view. While these scholars
indicated that exercise reduces the number of WBC, the book indicates that the count of these
cells increases with exercise. According to this text, WBCs are essential to detox the body and
destroy harmful substances from the body. As such, individuals should aim to increase them by
engaging in vigorous exercise and detox their body. Natale, et al (2003) agrees with the
assertions of Fife (2011) which indicate that number of WBC increase with exercise. While
8
looking at three sets of an exercise, the scholars established that during the exercise, the number
of cells increased but the impact was temporally lasting for approximately three hours. Further,
the scholars assert that aerobics exercise had the greatest impact with the count being highest at
peak. Nevesa, et al (2014) also agreed that exercise increased the levels of WBC specifically
lymphocytosis and monocytosis immediately after exercise.
Scholars Shirato, et al (2006) also undertook a study in the same area and agreed with
Johannsen et al (2012) while disagreeing with the assertions of Fife (2011) and. Natale, et al
(2003). While studying inactive rats (suspension and immobilization) the scholars revealed that
the number of WBC increased. The inactivity of these animals led to the crease of WBC. In the
contrast, Horn, et al (2010) in their study established that elite athletes who were engaged in
training to take part in highly aerobic sports had lower levels of WBC.
In another study, Johannsen, et al (2010) took a Cross-sectional study in an aerobic center
which brought together 452 men. The findings of their revealed that fitness had an inverse
relationship with the number of WBC while fatness had a direct relationship
Research Question
1. How does exercising affect WBC levels?
Theoretical Framework
A review of the literature review on the impact that exercising has white blood cell count
reveals that there is a disagreement on its impacts. Some of the literature reviewed revealed that
scholars believed that exercise has the impact of increasing the levels of WBC in the body which
is a healthy concept (Fife, 2011;.Natale, et al 2003;. Nevesa, et al, 2014)
On the other hand, there is a body of studies that reveal that exercise has the opposite
effect of lowering WBC which the scholars perceive as healthy. As such, the scholars assert that
9
when individual engage in vigorous exercise they reduce the WBC count which is a healthy
indicator (Johannsen, et al 2012; Shirato, et al, 2006; Horn, et al, 2010; Johannsen, et al, 2010).
Given these differences in opinion and findings, the logical question that arises from the
review is “how does exercising affect WBC count?” In this case, the independent variable is
WBC count while the independent variable is exercising. The study aims to shed light on the
interplay of the independent variable (exercising) with the dependent variable (white blood cell
count). The study will seek to either prove the first group of scholars who say that exercising
decreases the number of WBC while disapproving the second group that says exercising
increases the number of WBC or vice versa.
Hypotheses
H0 Exercising increases WBC levels
Ha Exercising decreases WBC levels
H0 Increased WBC count improves an individual’s health
Ha Decreased WBC count improves an individual’s health
10
Reference
Horn, P. L, Pyne, D. B., Hopkins, W. G., and Barne, C. J. (2010). Lower white blood cell counts
in elite athletes training for highly aerobic sports Arbeitsphysiologie 110(5):925-32
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45272697_Lower_white_blood_cell_counts_in
_elite_athletes_training_for_highly_aerobic_sports
Johannsen, N. M., Priest, E. L., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., & Church, T. S. (2010).
Association of white blood cell subfraction concentration with fitness and fatness. British
Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(8), 588. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1136/bjsm.2008.050682
Johannsen, N. M., Swift, D. L., Johnson, W. D., Dixit, V. D., Earnest, C. P., Blair, S. N., &
Church, T. S. (2012). Effect of different doses of aerobic exercise on total white blood
cell (WBC) and WBC subfraction number in postmenopausal women: Results from
DREW. PLoS One, 7(2) DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0031319
Natale, V. M., Brenner, I. K., Moldoveanu, A. I., Vasiliou, P., Shek, P. Shephard, R. J. (2003).
Effects of three different types of exercise on blood leukocyte count during and following
exercise so Paulo Med. J. vol.121 no.1 São Paulo 2003 https://doi.org/10.1590/S151631802003000100003. Retrieved from
https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-31802003000100003
Nevesa, P. R. D, Tenórioa, T. R.D., Lins, T. A., Muniz, M. T. C., Pithon-Curic, C. T., Botero,
J. P., and Pradoae, W. L.D. (2014)Acute effects of high- and low-intensity exercise bouts
on leukocyte counts. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness Volume 13, Issue 1, June
11
2015, Pages 24-28 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2014.11.003 Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1728869X14000471
Shirato, K., Motohashi, N., Tanihata, J., Tachiyashiki, K., Tomoda, A., & Imaizumi, K. (2006).
Effects of two types of inactivity on the number of white blood cells in rats. European
Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(6), 590-600. DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/10.1007/s00421-006-0306-6
Under an Elsevier user license file, B. (2011). The Detox Book, 3rd Edition: How to Detoxify
Your Body to Improve your Health, Stop Disease, and Reverse Aging Third Edition.
Piccadilly Books, Limited; Third Edition edition (September 1, 2011) Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=YtEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=
books+on+How++exercising+affect+white+blood+cell+count&source=bl&ots=wojkJT0Bh&sig=ACfU3U3fW7r9WVthV4Do3lgsVngBRpcBfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwinxKD_vvLpAhVJPcAKHRXFDioQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=books
%20on%20How%20%20exercising%20affect%20white%20blood%20cell%20count&f=f
alse
Running head: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS
1
Research Topic: What is the effect of exercising on people?
Research Objective/purpose: The study seeks to determine the effects that exercising has on
the immune system of a person
Research Question: How does exercising affect white blood cell count?
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable
Exercising
Dependent Variable
White blood cell count
The Null and Alternate Hypotheses
a. Null Hypothesis
A null hypothesis states that a particular research population parameter is (for example
standard deviation, mean, and median) is adequate to a hypothesized value. In this
investigation, the null hypothesis is that exercising primarily aerobic exercises reduces
the number of white blood cells (WBC) in the body which increases chances of living a
long healthy life (Johannsen et al., 2012).
b. Alternative Hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis indicates that a particular research population parameter is
more significant, smaller, or different than the initial hypothesized value found in the null
hypothesis. In this study, the alternative hypothesis is that exercise significantly increases
the count of white blood cells (WBC) in the body (Fife, 2011).
Quantitative Methods Available for the Research
Quantitative research methods are systematic investigations of phenomena by collecting
quantifiable data and then perform computational, mathematical, or statistical techniques (Bhat,
2020). There are two broad categories for quantitative methods available for the research, that is,
primary and secondary quantitative research methods. Each general group has subcategories, as
described below.
1. Primary Quantitative Research Methods
a. Survey Research. Surveys are used to ask questions to a population/sample of
respondents using various ways such as questionnaires, online surveys, and polls,
among others. It enables a scholar to know how people think about a subject from
a large population by collecting data, analyzing it, and then produce numeral
results for interpretation.
b. Correlational Research Method. This type of method compares two closely
related views and the impacts they have on each other and finally record the last
changes observed. It is fashioned to give value to naturally occurring
relationships.
c. Casual-Comparative or Quasi-Experimental Research. The method is dependent
on the comparison, and it used to conclude the cause-effect relationship between
two or more variables where there are one independent variable and many
dependent variables.
d. Experimental research. It is also known as actual experimentation. The method is
based on theories to prove or disapprove supposition. It is mostly used in natural
sciences, and it collects and analyzes first-hand data.
2. Secondary Quantitative Research Methods
a. Internet data. Information can be found all over the internet using mobile and
computing devices, thus easy quantification of data and analysis.
b. Public libraries. Libraries are stores of research information and documents
gathered earlier, and they offer a reliable source of information.
c. Commercial information sources. The methods include journals, radio,
newspapers, television, and magazines. They offer reliable data for collection.
d. Educational institutions. Educational and learning institutions carry out in-depth
research on various topics, and therefore they can be used to validate quantitative
analysis (Quality, 2015).
Quantitative Research Method Selected.
The suitable data collection method for the research is the experimental approach. This
data collection method will seek to capture the level of white blood cells of the sample population
before and af…
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