COMM 541 San Francisco State University Intercultural Communication Discussion Please submit your reading response by doing the following: (1) copy the que

COMM 541 San Francisco State University Intercultural Communication Discussion Please submit your reading response by doing the following: (1) copy the question and question number followed by your response to the question, (2) upload your response in PDF format only.

1. Define globalization and provide an example. How is globalization connected to intercultural communication? Provide an example.

2. What is intercultural praxis? Discuss the six points/ports of entry of the intercultural praxis model in Sorrells and provide an example for each.

3. Define body politics. How might this concept be important to intercultural communication?

4. Explain the concept of social construction and provide an example.

5. Based on your reading of chapter 3, what can you say about the concept of identity?

6. What is race? Why is race an invention?

7. Select one concept from what you read in Sorrells and apply it to what Vargas discussed in his memoir. Explain the connections you are making between concepts (Sorrells) and lived experiences (Vargas). Intercultural Communication
Second Edition
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Intercultural Communication
Globalization and Social Justice
Second Edition
Kathryn Sorrells
California State University, Northridge
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Detailed Contents
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Detailed Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Opening the Conversation: Studying Intercultural Communication
Definitions of Culture
Anthropologic Definition: Culture as a Site of Shared Meaning
Cultural Studies Definition: Culture as a Site of Contested Meaning
Globalization Definition: Culture as a Resource
Studying Intercultural Communication
Positionality
Standpoint Theory
Ethnocentrism
Intercultural Praxis in the Context of Globalization
Inquiry
Framing
Positioning
Dialogue
Reflection
Action
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
2 Understanding the Context of Globalization
The Role of History in Intercultural Communication
The Role of Power in Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication in the Context of Globalization
Intercultural Dimensions of Economic Globalization
Global Business and Global Markets
Free Trade and Economic Liberalization
Global Financial Institutions and Popular Resistance
Intercultural Dimensions of Political Globalization
Democratization and Militarism
Ideological Wars
Global Governance and Social Movements
Intercultural Dimensions of Cultural Globalization
Migration and Cultural Connectivities
Cultural Flows and Unequal Power Relations
Hybrid Cultural Forms and Identities
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
3 Globalizing Body Politics: Embodied Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Hip Hop Culture
Constructing Social Worlds Through Communication
Semiotic Approach to Difference
Marking Difference Through Communication
Gender Difference
Racial Difference
Intersectionality
The Social Construction of Race: From Colonization to Globalization
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Inventing Race and Constructing the “Other”
The Power of Texts
Resignifying Race in the Context of Globalization
From Race to Culture: Constructing a Raceless, Color-Blind, Post-Race Society
From Race to Class: Rearticulating Race in the Neoliberal Context
Hip Hop Culture: Alternative Performances of Difference
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
4 (Dis)Placing Culture and Cultural Space: Locations of Nonverbal and Verbal Communication
Placing Culture and Cultural Space
Cultural Space
Place, Cultural Space, and Identity
Displacing Culture and Cultural Space
Glocalization: Simultaneous Forces of Globalization and Localization
Case Study: Hip Hop Culture
South Bronx
Back in the Day
Going Commercial
Global Hip Hop Culture
Cultural Space, Power, and Communication
Segregated Cultural Spaces
Contested Cultural Spaces
Hybrid Cultural Spaces
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
5 Privileging Relationships: Intercultural Communication in Interpersonal Contexts
Topography of Intercultural Relationships
Interracial Intercultural Relationships
Interethnic Intercultural Relationships
International Intercultural Relationships
Interreligious Intercultural Relationships
Class Differences in Intercultural Relationships
Sexuality in Intercultural Relationships
Multidimensional Cultural Differences in Intercultural Relationships
Intercultural Relationships in the Workplace
Cultural Values in the Workplace
Forming and Sustaining Intercultural Relationships
Intercultural Friendships
Cultural Notions of Friendship
Intercultural Relationship Development Processes
Intercultural Romantic Relationships
Intercultural Romantic Relationships Development
Cyberspace and Intercultural Relationships
Intercultural Alliances for Social Justice in the Global Context
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
6 Crossing Borders: Migration and Intercultural Adaptation
Migrants
Historical Overview of World Migration
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Migration Trends in the Context of Globalization
Theories of Migration and Intercultural Adaptation
Macro-Level Theories
Micro-Level Theories
Meso-Level Theories
Case Studies: Migration and Intercultural Adaptation
Villachuato, Mexico, to Marshalltown, Iowa: Transnational Connections
Fujian, China, to New York, New York: Human Smuggling of Low-Skilled Workers
North Africa–France: Postcolonial Immigrant Experience
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
7 Jamming Media and Popular Culture: Analyzing Messages About Diverse Cultures
Media, Popular Culture, and Globalization
Defining Media
Defining Popular Culture
Popular Culture, Intercultural Communication, and Globalization
Global and Regional Media Circuits
Producing and Consuming Popular Culture
Popular Culture, Representation, and Resistance
Resisting and Re-Creating Media and Popular Culture
Step One: Increased Awareness
Step Two: Informed Action
Step Three: Creative Production
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
8 The Culture of Capitalism and the Business of Intercultural Communication
Historical Context: Capitalism and Globalization
Capitalism 101: The Historical Emergence of the Culture of Capitalism
Capitalism and Colonialism: Capital Accumulation and the Nation-State
Capitalism and the Industrial Revolution: Creating the Working Class
Capitalism and Consumption: Creating the Consumer
Capitalism, Corporations, and Global Bodies of Governance
Capitalism, Neoliberalism, and Globalization
The Culture of Capitalism
The Intercultural Marketplace
Commodification of Culture
Case Study 1: Consuming and Romanticizing the “Other”
Case Study 2: Consuming and Desiring the “Other”
Tourism and Intercultural Communication
Case Study 3: Consuming Cultural Spectacles
Economic Responsibility and Intercultural Communication
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
9 Negotiating Intercultural Conflict and Social Justice: Strategies for Intercultural Relations
Intercultural Conflict: A Multidimensional Framework of Analysis
Micro-Frame Analysis of Intercultural Conflict
Cultural Orientations
Communication and Conflict Styles
Facework
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Situational Factors
Meso-Frame Analysis of Intercultural Conflict
Prejudice, Ethnocentrism, and Racism
Cultural Histories and Cultural Identities
Religious Fundamentalism
Power Imbalance
Macro-Frame Analysis of Intercultural Conflict
Media
Economic and Political Factors
Geopolitical Power Inequities
Case Study 1: Interpersonal Context
Case Study 2: Intergroup Context
Case Study 3: International and Global Context
Strategies for Addressing Intercultural Conflict
Inquiry
Framing
Positioning
Dialogue
Reflection
Action
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
10 Engaging Intercultural Communication for Social Justice: Challenges and Possibilities for Global
Citizenship
Becoming Global Citizens in the 21st Century
Capacities for Global Citizenship
Intercultural Competence
“Hope in the Dark”: From Apathy to Empowerment
Another World Is Possible: Student to Student Empowerment for Change
Another World Is Possible: Individual and Collective Action for Change
Intercultural Alliances for Social Justice
Case Study: Community Coalition of South Los Angeles
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions and Activities
Glossary
References
Index
About the Author
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Preface
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Purpose of the Text
I wrote Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice with the goal of creating a new kind of
introductory text for the undergraduate intercultural communication course that would provide students with
critical and social justice perspectives on the dynamics of globalization that have brought so many people and
cultures into contact and conversation. I want to help students understand and grapple with the interconnected
and complex nature of intercultural communication in the world today. Students in my intercultural
communication courses are clearly affected in direct and indirect ways on a daily basis by the forces of
globalization. Their lives, livelihoods, and lifestyles are influenced in both challenging and beneficial ways by the
forces of globalization—through rapid advances in communication and transportation technologies as well as
changes in economic and political policies locally and globally. Globalization has catapulted people from different
cultures into shared physical and virtual spaces in homes, in relationships, in schools, in neighborhoods, in the
workplace, and in political alliances in unprecedented ways.
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Culture Is Dynamic and Multifaceted
Central to this text is the idea that our understanding of culture must be dynamic and multifaceted to address the
fast-paced, complex, and often contradictory influences that shape intercultural communication today. The
advantage of this approach is that it reflects a world that students will recognize as their own: a world in which
notions of culture are fluid, not static. Therefore, this text aims to move beyond the basic distinctions between
international and domestic U.S. communication issues to also highlight the many connections between local and
global issues. To help students better understand the challenges and complexities of intercultural communication
in the global context, I have also drawn attention to histories of intercultural conflict and the role power plays on
macro- and micro-levels in intercultural relations. Thus, my aim in writing was to produce a text as vibrant,
multifaceted, conflicting, and creative as intercultural communication itself!
Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice is built around these key concepts:
A globalization framework
A critical, social justice approach
An emphasis on connections between the local/global and micro-, meso-, and macro-levels
An emphasis on intercultural praxis
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A Globalization Framework
Globalization provides a ubiquitous and complex context for studying intercultural communication. The context
of globalization is characterized by an increasingly dynamic, mobile world and an intensification of interaction and
exchange among people, cultures, and cultural forms; a rapidly growing global interdependence leading to shared
interests and resources as well as greater intercultural tensions and conflicts; a magnification of inequities both
within and across nations and cultural groups with significant impact on intercultural communication; and a
historical legacy of colonization, Western domination, and U.S. hegemony that continues to shape intercultural
relations today. Studying intercultural communication in the context of globalization allows us to highlight the
following:
Definitions of culture that address cultural continuity, contestation, and commodification
Intercultural dimensions of economic, political, and cultural globalization
Role of power and the impact of asymmetrical power relations on intercultural communication
Rapid movement of people, cultures, verbal and nonverbal languages, and rhetoric through interpersonal
and mediated communication
Multifaceted, hybrid, and negotiated cultural identities
Resignification of identity categories such as race, culture, gender, and sexuality today
Changing nature of intercultural relationships and intercultural alliances
Culture of capitalism and the commodification of culture
Intercultural conflict through a multidimensional framework
Dynamic intercultural alliances and movements for social justice
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A Critical Social Justice Approach
This text takes a critical social justice approach that provides a framework to create a more equitable and socially
just world through communication. In the context of globalization, finding solutions to local and global
challenges inevitably requires intercultural communication. Today, some of the most innovative answers to
difficult social, political, and economic problems develop through intercultural alliances. And, regrettably, some of
the most egregious injustices—exploitation of workers in homes, fields, and factories and violence perpetrated
through racial profiling, ethnic cleansing and religious fervor—are performed within intercultural contexts and are
enabled by intercultural communication. Today, we face many intercultural challenges—for example, wealth
disparity in the United States and globally and the percentage of people in the world living under the poverty line
have become steadily worse in the new millennium. It is my hope that this text will not only help students develop
a deeper understanding of the opportunities and challenges of intercultural communication today but also
empower students to use their knowledge and skills to confront discrimination and challenge inequities.
Over the past five year, I have had the honor and privilege of working directly with Reverend James M. Lawson
Jr., a close associate of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and leading architect of the civil rights movement, on the Civil
Discourse & Social Change Initiative at California State University, Northridge (CSUN). Reverend Lawson’s
deep regard for all humanity, his appreciation of cultural differences, and his unwavering respect for the power of
intercultural alliances stem from and are informed by his years of work in India in the 1950s, his leadership in the
civil rights movement, his efforts to dismantle racism and sexism, and his efforts to gain living wages for workers
and equal rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) communities. We all have the opportunity to
use the knowledge, attitudes, and skills gained by studying and practicing intercultural communication to build
relationships, imagine possibilities, and develop alliances to create a more equitable and socially just world.
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Local/Global Connection and Multilevel Framework of Analysis
Life in the globalized 21st century is characterized by a complex web of linkages between the local and the global
as well as the past and present. People—and their languages, identities, cultural practices, and ideas—are based in
particular geographic locations, but they are also simultaneously connected—whether through communications
technology (e.g., phone, e-mail, social media), interpersonal networks (e.g., friends, family), and memories with
different locations around the globe. Studying intercultural communication in the context of globalization
requires us to pay attention to continuities and fragmentations of global communities over time and place.
For example, globalization links the distant towns of Villachuato, Mexico, and Marshalltown, Iowa, through
global flows of capital, goods, and labor. A meatpacking plant in Marshalltown employs many Mexican workers,
who return regularly to Villachuato for annual religious events, weddings, and funerals. Like many towns across
the United States and Mexico, the lives of people from Villachuato and Marshalltown are intertwined and
interdependent in the global context. Intercultural connections do not necessarily require travel to forge links
across the globe. For example, diasporic Indian communities in the United States and around the world enjoy
watching Hindi films and keeping up on the latest popular culture from India. Much more than entertainment,
these experiences of cultural consumption educate younger generations born outside of India about their culture,
serve as cultural bridges across time and place, and play a role in developing their bicultural identities. Of course,
global intercultural links are not solely positive. The roots of many intercultural conflicts happening today can be
linked to historic transgressions and involve communities that are interconnected around the globe.
In this text, key concepts in intercultural communication—identity construction; the use of verbal and nonverbal
communication; the creation and re-creation of cultural spaces; interpersonal relationships; as well as migration,
adaptation, and intercultural conflict—are addressed in ways that underscore the connections and disjuncture
between the local and the global and the relationships between the past and the present. A multilevel framework
that focuses attention on three interrelated levels—(1) the micro (individual level), (2) the meso (intermediate,
group-based level), and (3) the macro (broad economic–political level)—is introduced and applied to various case
studies throughout the text to examine the complexities of intercultural communication in the context of
globalization.
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Intercultural Praxis
This text engages students in a process of critical, reflective thinking and acting—what I call intercultural praxis—
that enables them to navigate the complex, contradictory, and challenging intercultural spaces they inhabit
interpersonally, communally, and globally. At all moments in our day—when we interact with friends, coworkers,
teachers, bosses, and strangers; when we consume pop culture and other entertainment; when we hear and read
news and information from the media outlets; and in our daily routines and travel—we have the opportunity to
engage in intercultural praxis. The purpose of engaging in intercultural praxis is to raise our awareness, increase
our critical analysis, and develop our socially responsible action in regard to intercultural interactions in the
context of globalization.
Through six interrelated points of entry—(1) inquiry, (2) framing, (3) positioning, (4) dialogue, (5) reflection,
and (6) action—intercultural praxis uses our multifaceted identity positions and shifting access to privilege and
power to develop our consciousness, imagine alternatives, and build alliances in our struggles for social
responsibility and social justice. The focus on intercultural praxis is intertwined with the content of the text from
initial discussions of culture in the global context to explorations of our identities and finally in our roles as global
citizens.
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Organization of the Text
This book offers an innovative approach to address the rapid, complex, and often contradictory forces that propel
and constrain intercultural communication in the context of globalization.
A fundamental goal of the book is to understand and analyze intercultural communication on three interlocking
and interrelated levels: (1) the micro, individual level; (2) the meso, cultural group level; and (3) the macro,
geopolitical level. I think of it as breathing in and breathing out. As we breathe in, we focus our attention on
individual levels of communication and then, breathing out, we expand to the broader levels of cultural group and
macro-level intercultural communication issues. This metaphor helps my students understand the movement
between levels from chapter to chapter as well as the connections that are made throughout the text between the
past and the present. My goal is to encourage and support a way of thinking and being in the world that accounts
for multiple frames of reference—like zooming in a…
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