CJS 345 University of Phoenix Research and Policy Development Paper Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper describing the importance of research as it relates

CJS 345 University of Phoenix Research and Policy Development Paper Write a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper describing the importance of research as it relates to policy development within the field of criminal justice. Address each of the following:

Identify the purposes and types of policies within the field of criminal justice.
Describe the relationship between research and policy development.
Provide examples of how research can assist policy makers by informing their policy decisions.
Identify two examples of policies that were developed within the past 10 years that resulted from research within the field of criminal justice.

Include at least four peer-reviewed references.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Outline for Essay 1
-You must have your news article selected.
-Times New Roman 12 point font is required
-All papers are double spaced
-The citation must be Chicago Style of Citation. You can use footnotes or endnote to cite but be
consistent. (Hint: footnote citation fills pages quickly. If you are wordy in your essay, this might
eat up too much space)
-No headers, footers, or page numbers needed
-Top left of page (this part is single spaced):
Your name
Date
Class 3794 Terrorism/Counterterrorism
Professor Hodges
-Post the news article weblink to the top of the page.
-First paragraph, outline your news story. Actors and actions
-Using the text and lectures, discuss why the news agency considered or didn’t consider this an
act of terrorism. Then argue whether you agree or disagree with the act being labeled terrorist or
not. The conclusion is your summation of your argument. Be succinct and do not fluff. You will
run out of space rather quickly.
-Bibliography: List all sources you used. It needs to include the text book and your news article.
That might be all you need for this essay.
What it Terrorism?
History
• A long-time problem and an even more difficult concept to define
• Starting with the French Revolution
• Old English Dictionary:
• A system of terror.
• 1. Government by intimidation as directed and carried out by the party in
power in France during the Revolution of 1789–94; the system of the ‘Terror’
(1793–4): see TERROR n. 4.
• 2. gen. A policy intended to strike with terror those against whom it is adopted;
the employment of methods of intimidation; the fact of terrorizing or condition
of being terrorized. Also transf. Cf. TERRORIST 1b.
• Terrorist
• 1. As a political term: a. Applied to the Jacobins and their agents and partisans
in the French Revolution, esp. to those connected with the Revolutionary
tribunals during the “Reign of Terror,” b. Any one who attempts to further his
views by a system of coercive intimidation; spec, applied members of one of
the extreme revolutionary societies in Russia
History cont.
• Originally, the term terrorism was not a bad thing. The Reign of
Terror was meant to bring order following the French Revolution.
• Then, following a second revolt, the original actors were
executed, and terrorism became a bad thing.
• Pre-WWI, Armenian action against the Ottoman Empire – gain local
support and international empathy – now a model of types
• From Russia to Ireland and then the Middle East, terrorism is now
used when talking about attempts to change the government
• It is a political act. The use of violence to create fear for political
motives
• This definition is about individuals and non-state actors
Why can’t we have one definition?
• Early days of revolutionary ‘terror’ tactics were carried out by
those willing to label themselves terrorists that use terrorism as a
means to an end
• Now, we have freedom fighters, urban guerillas, aggressors,
asymmetric fighters, and other terms for terrorists.
• Usually, it is the power state labeling the weaker non-state actor
as terrorist
• There is a fine line between actions of terrorists and legitimate
military forces
Definition through differentiation
• The Geneva and Hague conventions concerning conduct of war
• Reasons for action
• Political change
• Targets of action
• Civilian populations
• Type of action
• Asymmetric
Definition through differentiation
•
•
•
•
•
Violence, force
Political
Fear, terror emphasized
Threat
Psychological
US vs UN in terrorist labeling
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_group
s
• I am not a fan of Wikipedia, but this list is pretty thorough
• https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/
• https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/terrorism/module-1/keyissues/UN-designated-terrorist-groups.html

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