Catholic Health Services of Long Island Phase Diagram & STP Conditions HW Need help to create a substance and identify its states of matter under standard

Catholic Health Services of Long Island Phase Diagram & STP Conditions HW Need help to create a substance and identify its states of matter under standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions.

 Create a 4-page paper (not including the title and references pages) in a Word document for your response.

 Use APA format for the paper, title page, references page, and in-text citations.

 Develop an introduction and conclusion for your paper.

Step 1. Imagine and Name

Imagine a new substance, and give it a name. Under STP conditions, which state of matter would you like for your new substance to be?

Step 2. Create

Create a phase diagram to correlate with your STP conditions. Place temperature on the x-axis and pressure on the y-axis.

Step 3. Label

Use a blue line to separate the solid and liquid regions. Use a red line to separate the liquid and gas regions. Use a green line to separate gas and solid regions. Identify the triple point and critical point. Label the phase diagram sections.

Step 4. Explain

Explain sublimation point, condensation point, and melting point.

Step 5. Describe

Describe the phase changes that take place when the pressure is increased from STP conditions.

Step 6. Label and Interpret

Randomly place three dots in the solid, liquid and gas regions. Interpret the temperature and pressure of those dots. 999
REVIEW
Can. J. Phys. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by DIRECTORATE OF COLDWATER FISHERIES RES on 10/13/15
For personal use only.
Black hole chemistry1
David Kubizňák and Robert B. Mann
Abstract: The mass of a black hole has traditionally been identified with its energy. We describe a new perspective on black hole
thermodynamics, one that identifies the mass of a black hole with chemical enthalpy, and the cosmological constant as
thermodynamic pressure. This leads to an understanding of black holes from the viewpoint of chemistry, in terms of concepts
such as Van der Waals fluids, reentrant phase transitions, and triple points. Both charged and rotating black holes exhibit novel
chemical-type phase behaviour, hitherto unseen.
PACS Nos.: 04.70.-s, 04.70.Dy, 64.60.-i.
Résumé : Traditionnellement, on identifie la masse d’un trou noir avec son énergie. Nous présentons ici une nouvelle perspective de la thermodynamique d’un trou noir, qui identifie la masse du trou noir avec son enthalpie chimique et la constante
cosmologique avec la pression thermodynamique. Ceci mène à une perception des trous noirs correspondant à un point de vue
chimique utilisant des concepts comme les fluides de van der Waals, les transitions de phase rentrantes et les points triples. Ceci
fait ressortir chez les trous noirs chargés et en rotation un comportement nouveau de type phase chimique, jamais vu auparavant. [Traduit par le Rédaction]
Our best window as to the underlying structure of quantum
gravity comes from black hole thermodynamics. By now the parallel with standard thermodynamics is well known
Energy
E ↔
Temperature T ↔
Entropy
S ↔
M
␬
2␲
A
4
Mass
Surface gravity
Horizon area
(d ⫺ 3)M ⫽ (d ⫺ 2)
in units where G = c = ប = kB = 1, where on the left-hand side we see
the basic thermodynamic quantities of a physical system, and on
the right their counterparts in black hole physics. However this
same correspondence is not quite captured by the first law of
thermodynamics, which reads
dE ⫽ TdS ⫺ PdV ⫹ work terms
↔
dM ⫽
␬
8␲
dA ⫹ ⍀d J ⫹ ⌽dQ
where the ⍀dJ and ⌽dQ terms are understood as thermodynamic
work terms. However there is no counterpart of the “pressure–
volume” term. Where might it be [1]?
Interesting new developments have recently taken place that address this question, leading to a picture in which the mass of a black
hole is interpreted as the enthalpy of space–time. This rather novel idea
originates from a consideration of the Smarr relation [2, 3]. Originally
obtained in d = 4 dimensions [4], it has the form (d – 3) M = (d –
2)TS for static asymptotically flat d-dimensional black holes, whose
metrics are
ds2 ⫽ ⫺f(r)dt2 ⫹
dr2
f(r)
where f(r) = 1 – [1/(d – 2)](16␲/␻d–2)(M/rd–3) + …, and d⍀2d is the line
element of the unit sphere Sd with a volume ␻d = 2␲(d+1)/2/⌫[(d + 1)/2].
The inclusion of a cosmological constant necessarily modifies the
Smarr relation, as can be shown from a consideration of the scaling properties of the extensive thermodynamic quantities or from
geometric arguments [1, 3]. Regarding M = M(A, ⌳), Euler’s theorem implies that
⫹ r2d⍀2d⫺2
(1)
⭸M
⭸A
A⫺2
⭸M
⭸⌳
⌳
(2)
and because T = 4(⭸M/⭸A), (2) suggests that we regard P = –⌳/8␲ =
[(d – 1)(d – 2)]/16␲ℓ2 as a thermodynamic variable [5, 6], whose
conjugate is V = –8␲(⭸M/⭸⌳). Putting this together, we have
(d ⫺ 3)M ⫽ (d ⫺ 2)TS ⫺ 2PV and dM ⫽ TdS ⫹ VdP
(3)
as the modified Smarr relation and extended first law of thermodynamics. We now have the complete thermodynamic correspondence in Table 1, where the black hole work terms are 兺i⍀idJi + ⌽dQ
for multiply rotating and charged black holes. If included, then
the more general Smarr relation
d⫺3
d⫺2
M ⫽ TS ⫹
兺 共⍀ ⫺ ⍀ 兲J ⫺ d ⫺2 2PV ⫹ dd ⫺⫺ 32⌽Q
i
i
∞
i
(4)
i
holds for all possible [d/2] rotation parameters, where the quantities
⍀∞i allow for the possibility of a rotating frame at infinity [7, 8].
The quantity P is naturally regarded as a thermodynamic pressure, an identification that follows from a cosmological perspective, because a negative cosmological constant induces a vacuum
pressure. The mass M is then understood as a gravitational version
Received 23 August 2014. Accepted 9 October 2014.
D. Kubizňák. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada.
R.B. Mann. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
Corresponding author: David Kubizňák (e-mail: dkubiznak@perimeterinstitute.ca).
1This review is part of a Special Issue entitled “Theory Canada 9 Proceedings”.
Can. J. Phys. 93: 999–1002 (2015) dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2014-0465
Published at www.nrcresearchpress.com/cjp on 31 October 2014.
1000
Can. J. Phys. Vol. 93, 2015
Can. J. Phys. Downloaded from www.nrcresearchpress.com by DIRECTORATE OF COLDWATER FISHERIES RES on 10/13/15
For personal use only.
Table 1. Thermodynamic correspondence with black hole physics.
Thermodynamics
Black hole physics
Enthalpy
Temperature
Entropy
Pressure
First law
Mass
Surface gravity
Horizon area
Cosmological constant
First law
H
T
S
P
dH = TdS + VdP + …
M
␬/2␲
A/4
–⌳/8␲
dM = (␬/8␲)dA + VdP + …
Fig. 1. Fluid behavior of charged AdS black holes when Q = 1. (a) The P–v diagram. Isotherms decrease in temperature from top to bottom. The
two upper dark curves correspond to the “ideal gas” one-phase behaviour for T > Tc, the critical isotherm T = Tc is denoted by the thick dark
line, and the lower (red) solid lines correspond to a two-phase state occurring for T