Broward Community College DNA Material & Build Your Own DNA Worksheet Due Sunday 19 before MidnightOne worksheet and one Critical Thinking.Thank you. Name_

Broward Community College DNA Material & Build Your Own DNA Worksheet Due Sunday 19 before MidnightOne worksheet and one Critical Thinking.Thank you. Name________________________
Build Your Own DNA – CHAPTER 16
Part A: Making a Double Stranded DNA molecule
1. Using the 4 bases present in DNA (A, C, G and T), write down a sequence of 21 bases
using any combinations you wish (“A” below). This is a polynucleotide chain. Label the
left side of the chain as the 5’ end and the right side as the 3’ end.
2. Next, underneath your sequence, write down the complementary sequence (“B” below).
Remember that A pairs with T and G pairs with C.
3. Label the 5’ and 3’ ends in the complementary strand (remember the strands are
antiparallel).
A
DNA strand
B
Complement
4. Below, list the number of each type of nucleotide in each strand.
Nucleotide
A
C
G
T
Original strand
Complement
5. Recall that A-T base pairs (bp) have 2 hydrogen bonds, and G-C pairs have 3 hydrogen
bonds. How many hydrogen bonds in total hold your two strands together?
6. If there are 10 bp per turn in a double helix, how many complete turns of the double helix
will you see with your sequence?
Part B: Replication of the DNA
1. Rewrite your double stranded DNA molecule here in A and B – be sure to label the 5’ and
3’ ends on both strands (we will call the DNA strand “A” and its complement “B”).
A
DNA strand
B
Complement
2. Now mimic replication of your DNA molecule. First “separate” the original double
stranded DNA molecule into two single strands by rewriting each strand separately (next
to “A” (DNA strand) and “B” (complement) below). These are the template strands that
will be copied. Be sure to label the 5’ and 3’ ends of each strand.
3. Now, in a different color if possible, write the complementary copy of each template as
DNA polymerase would produce it (“C” as the copy/complement to “A,” and “D” as the
copy/complement to “B” below). Label 5’ and 3’ ends of the replicated strands.
4. Remember that DNA polymerase makes a DNA polymer in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Draw
an arrow next to each newly synthesized strand (“C” and “D”) indicating the direction of
replication.
5. Assume that the origin of replication for this sequence was at the left-hand side and the
replication fork moved from right to left. Label which newly synthesized strand (“C” and
“D”) is the leading strand and which is the lagging strand.
6. Compare the two double stranded molecules you have drawn (A/C and B/D below). Also
compare them with the original double stranded molecule you started with in part 1
above. What do you notice?
A
DNA strand
(template)
C
Replicated strand for A
(newly synthesized)
D
Replicated strand for B
(newly synthesized)
B
Complement
(template)
Name________________________
Working with Your DNA – Chapter 17
Refer to the DNA molecule you created in the last activity.
Part C: Transcription of the DNA
1. Rewrite your original double stranded DNA molecule (“A” and “B”). Be sure to label
the 5’ and 3’ ends.
A
DNA strand
B
Complement
2. Now you will mimic the process of transcription. First “separate” the two strands- write
each separately below (“A” and “B”) and be sure to label the 5’ and 3’ ends.
3. Now mimic RNA polymerase and make a complementary RNA copy (“C” below) of one
of your strands (remember which bases are present in RNA and the base pairing rules).
Label the 5’ and 3’ end of the RNA. RNA polymerase makes an RNA strand in the 5’ to
3’ direction only. Draw an arrow next to the mRNA molecule indicating in which
direction the mRNA was made.
4. The DNA strand that is copied is known as the template (or nonsense) strand. The DNA
strand that is not copied is known as the nontemplate (or sense) strand. Label your DNA
strands appropriately.
A
DNA strand
C
mRNA strand
B
Complement
5. Although we will not mimic the processing of the RNA in this activity, list the three
types of processing the pre-mRNA molecules go through before translation.
Part D: Translation of the mRNA
1. Rewrite your mRNA strand below (“A” below). Be sure to write it in the 5’ to 3’
direction, left to right.
2. Underline each codon in the sequence beginning with the first three bases in the
sequence.
3. Above each codon, write the anticodon sequence on the tRNA that corresponds to each
codon (“B” below).
4. In “C” below, indicate which amino acid is coded for by each codon (refer to the genetic
code chart- remember, the genetic code chart is based on the codons in the mRNA, not
the anticodons in the tRNA).
B
tRNA
(anticodons)
A
mRNA
C
amino acids
Name________________________
Working with Your DNA some more!
Part E: Mutations
Rewrite your original mRNA sequence and the corresponding amino acid sequence below.
Then read below how to make mutations 1, 2 and 3.
original mRNA
amino acids
1. Now you will make a series of mutations in your mRNA sequence. For each mutation,
go back to the original sequence (in other words, do not have multiple mutations in the
mRNA sequence). For mutation 1, change the fourth base (NOT codon) in the original
mRNA sequence to any of the other three bases. Rewrite the RNA sequence below and,
using the genetic code chart, determine the amino acid sequence for the protein. What
type of mutation did you create (circle one: missense, silent, nonsense, sense, frame
shift)?
mutation 1
amino acids
2. For mutation 2, change the sixth base (NOT codon) in the original mRNA sequence to
any of the other three bases. Rewrite the RNA sequence below and, using the genetic
code chart, determine the amino acid sequence for the protein. What type of mutation did
you create (circle one: missense, silent, nonsense, sense, frame shift)?
mutation 2
amino acids
3. For mutation 3, delete the fifth base (NOT codon) in the original mRNA sequence.
Rewrite the RNA sequence below and, using the genetic code chart, determine the amino
acid sequence for the protein. What type of mutation did you create (circle one:
missense, silent, nonsense, sense, frame shift)?
mutation 3
amino acids
Name _________________________
Date ________________________
Course/Section _______________________
Professor ________________________
DNA
The Genetic Material
labeled which component of the T2
Bacteriophage?
1. This is an image of a _____?
a. DNA
b. Tail
c. Base
d. Protein Coat
e. Head
5. After allowing phage grown with bacteria
in a medium that contained 32P and 35S, the
investigators used a centrifuge to separate
the empty ‘phage ghosts’ from the infected
cells. They then examined the infected cells
and found that they contained _____, which
demonstrated that _____ is the phage’s
genetic material.
a. Bacterium
c. Bacteriophage
e. DNA
b. Red Blood Cell
d. White Blood Cell
a. Radioactively Labeled Protein … DNA
b. Radioactively Labeled Protein …. Protein
c. Radioactively Labeled DNA … Protein
d. Radioactively Labeled DNA …. RNA
e. Radioactively Labeled DNA … DNA
2. Who of the following demonstrated that
‘DNA’ acts as the genetic material using T2
Bacteriophage?
6. DNA strands run ‘anti-parallel’, this
means that?
a. Rosalind Franklin
b. Hershey and Chase
c. Meselson and Stahl
d. Watson and Crick
e. Gregor Mendel
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. The Radioactive Isotope 32P labeled
which component of the T2 Bacteriophage?
a. DNA
b. Tail
c. Base
d. Head
e. Protein coat
Both strands run 5’→ 3’
Both strands run 3’→ 5’
1 strand runs 5’→ 3’, 1 strand runs 3’→ 5’
1 strand runs 1’→ 2’, 1 strand runs 2’→ 1’
1 strand runs 1’→ 1’, 1 strand runs 2’→ 2’
7. Because of the 2nM width of the DNA
double helix only a ____ base can pair with
a ___ base.
a. purine – purine
b. pyrimidine – pyrimidine
c. purine – pyrimidine
4. The Radioactive Isotope 35S
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d. any of the above
b. DNA is a polymer composed of
nucleotides, whereas RNA is a polymer
composed of nucleic acids.
c. DNA is double-stranded, whereas RNA is
single-stranded.
d. DNA contains five-carbon sugars,
whereas RNA contains six-carbon sugars.
e. DNA contains ribose sugars, whereas
RNA contains deoxyribose sugar.
8. Which of the following is a difference
between DNA and RNA?
a. DNA contains uracil, whereas RNA
contains thymine.
Use the following diagram to answer Questions 9-12 below
9. This is an image of a(n) _____?
a. amino acid
d. nucleotide
b. nucleic acid
e. triacylglycerol
c. glucose molecule
10. The letter A indicates a _____?
a. phosphate group
b. nucleotide
c. nitrogenous base
d. pentose sugar
e. nucleic acid
11. A nitrogenous base is indicated by the letter _____?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
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12. You can tell this is an image of DNA and not RNA because you see _____?
a. thymine nitrogenous base, and not uracil nitrogenous base
b. sugar with two, and not three, oxygen atoms
c. double-stranded molecule, not a single-stranded molecule
d. phosphate group
e. uracil nitrogenous base, not a thymine nitrogenous base
13. Which of these nitrogenous bases is found in DNA but NOT in RNA?
a. adenine
b. cytosine
c. guanine
d. thymine
e. uracil
14. Which of the following are Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases?
a. A and B
d. B and C
b. A, B, C, D, E
e. C, D, and E
c. B and E
15. Which of the above are Purine nitrogenous bases?
a. A and B
d. B, and C
b. A, B, C, D, E
e. C, D, and E
c. B and E
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16. Identify the Nitrogenous Bases above.
A–
D–
B–
E–
C–
17. In a ‘Nucleotide’, the Nitrogenous Base is attached to the Sugar’s _____ Carbon and the Phosphate
Group is attached to the Sugar’s _____ Carbon?
a. 1′ … 2′
b. 1′ … 5’
c. 2′ … 3′
d. 1′ … 3′
e. 2′ … 1′
18. Nucleic Acids are ‘assembled’ in the _____ direction?
a. 1′ → 5′
b. 2′ → 3′
c. 5′ → 3′
d. 4′ → 5′
e. 3′ → 5′
19. If a short sequence of DNA read AATTGCCGT, its DNA complement would read?
a. TTTTCGGCT
d. TTAACGGCA
b. AAAACGGCA
e. UUAACGGCA
c. TTUUCGGCU
20. During DNA Replication of the Lagging Strand, short segments (okazaki fragments) of newly
synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by which of the following enzymes?
a. Helicase
d. Primase
b. DNA Polymerase
e. Single-Strand Binding Protein
c. Ligase
21. Which of the following is the product of DNA Replication?
a. 2 new double helices each consisting of 1 old DNA strand and 1 new DNA strand
b. 2 new double helices each consisting of 2 new strands
c. 1 new double helix consists of 2 old strands & 1 new double helix consists of 2 new strands
d. 2 new molecules each consisting of some old strand parts and some new strand parts
e. There are 4 double helices
22. The above Model of DNA Replication is called?
a. Conservative
d. Polymerase
b. Semi-Conservative
e. All of the above
c. Dispersive
23. The ‘1st step’ in the Replication of DNA is catalyzed by which enzyme?
a. Helicase
b. DNA Polymerase
c. Ligase
d. Primase
e. Gyrase
24. The action of Helicase creates which of the following?
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a. RNA Primers
d. Okazaki Fragments
b. Replication Termination
e. Replication Forks and Replication Bubbles
c. Telomeres
25. Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3’→ 5′ strands assembled in short segments?
a. The replication forks block the formation of longer strands
b. DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 3′ → 5′ direction
c. DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5′ → 3′ direction
d. It is more efficient than assembling complete new strands
e. Only short DNA sequences can extend off the RNA primers
26. The synthesis of a new DNA strand always begins with the synthesis of a(n) _____?
a. Telomerase
b. Okazaki Fragment
c. Telomere
d. Ligase
e. Short RNA primer complementary to a preexisting DNA strand
27. Which of the following is responsible for catalyzing the formation of an RNA primer?
a. Helicase
d. RNA Pol (Primase)
b. DNA Polymerase
e. Single-Strand Binding Protein
c. Ligase
28. Which of the following catalyzes synthesis of new strands of DNA?
a. Helicase
d. Primase
b. DNA Polymerase
e. Single-Strand Binding Protein
c. Ligase
29. Which of the following stabilizes separated DNA strands during Replication?
a. Helicase
d. Primase
b. DNA Polymerase
e. Single-Strand Binding Protein
c. Ligase
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30. An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand?
a. Enzyme
d. Source of Nucleotides
b. Primer
c. Complimentary Template
e. Telomerase
find an organism w/ 14% Thymine if their
DNA, what would you expect the other base
31. Frederick Griffith showed that ‘DNA’ is
amounts to be?
the genetic material through
‘Transformation’ experiments, whereby:
a. 14% A, 36% C, 36% G
b. 14% A, 14% C, 14% G
a. Single-celled organisms
c. 36% A, 36% C, 36% G
reproduce through mitosis
d. 0% A, 50% C, 50% G
b. Cells of multi-cellular organisms
e. 86% A, 0% C, 0% G
replicate through mitosis
c. Pathogenic bacteria can
33. The weakest bonds in a DNA molecule
transform non-pathogenic bacteria to
are between which of the following?
pathogenic bacteria through the uptake of
pathogenic bacterial ‘proteins’
a. 5’ Sugar to Phosphate
d. Dead pathogenic bacteria can
b. 1’ Sugar to Base
transform live non-pathogenic bacteria to
c. Base to Base
live pathogenic bacteria through the uptake
d. Phosphate to 3’ Sugar
of pathogenic bacterial ‘DNA’
e. 3’ Sugar to OH
e. If all the proteins are removed
from a pathogenic bacteria it becomes non34. What type of bonds hold together the
pathogenic
sugar phosphate backbone of DNA?
a. Hydrogen
c. Covalent
e. All of the above
b. Ionic
d. Van der walls
32. Erwin Chargaff’s observations of DNA
lead to the complimentary ‘base pairing
rules’. Based on what he proposed, if you
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35. DNA Polymerase III can only function
in DNA Replication by specific
mechanisms, including which of the
following?
DNA strands once the primer is removed. So
with each successive replication, the strands
would get shorter and shorter. To prevent
this, the cell uses?
a. Reading DNA nucleotides in 3’→5’
direction, elongating DNA in 5’→3’
direction
b. Adding nucleotides to a free 3’ end of
DNA molecule
c. Elongating DNA from a small RNA
primer
d. All of the above
a. Centromeres
b. Telomeres
c. Chromosomes
d. Centrioles
e. This mechanism does not exist
40. Who’s proposed model of DNA is still
the current model?
a. Charles Darwin
c. Meselson and Stahl
e. Gregor Mendel
36. In DNA replication, the ‘Leading’
strand ___ ?
a. Is replicated ‘into’ the replication fork in
the 5’→ 3’ direction
b. Requires multiple primers
c. Is replicated in short non-continuous
okazaki fragments
d. All of the above
b. Hershey and Chase
d. Watson and Crick
41. Bacteria are incubated with heavy
nitrogen isotope and allowed 1 round of
replication. They are then incubated with a
light Nitrogen isotope and allowed 1 round
of replication. After density dependent
centrifugation, what DNA strands are
expected?
37. In DNA replication, the ‘lagging’
strand ___?
a. hybrid and then light
c. hybrid
e. heavy
a. Is replicated ‘out’ from the replication
fork, but still in the 5’→3’ direction
b. Is replicated non-continuously into
okazaki fragments
c. Requires multiple primers
d. All of the above
b. heavy and light
d. light
42. If the above strands were allowed 1
further round of replication in the light
nitrogen isotope media, and then subjected
to density dependent centrifugation, what
DNA strands are expected?
38. The energy required to catalyze
nucleotide addition during DNA replication
is derived from?
a. hybrid and then light
c. hybrid
e. heavy
a. cAMP
b. GDP
c. Nucleoside Tri-Phosphates (dNTPs)
d. Ca+2
e. Hydrolysis Rxs
b. heavy and light
d. light
43. The DNA Polymerase used to catalyze
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes is?
a. DNA Pol I
c. DNA Pol III
e. RNA Pol
39. Due to the limitations of the enzymes
that facilitate DNA replication, there is no
way to replicate the ends of the daughter
b. DNA Pol II
d. DNA Pol Alpha
44. The DNA Pol that is responsible for the
removal of primers in prokaryotes is?
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a. DNA Pol I
c. DNA Pol III
e. RNA Pol
b. DNA Pol II
d. DNA Pol Alpha
45. The enzyme that reduces the stress
caused by opening the double helix is?
a. DNA Pol
c. Helicase
e. Gyrase
b. RNA Pol
d. Ligase
46. The extreme fidelity (efficiency) of
DNA Replication is mostly due to which of
the following reasons?
a. Proof-Reading Ability of DNA Pol’s
b. Telomeres
c. Primers
d. Okazaki Fragments
e. All of the above
47. Which of the following is NOT needed
for DNA Replication?
a. DNA
b. RNA
c. Enzymes
d. Ribosomes e. All of the above are needed
48. After the formation of a replication
bubble, which of the following is the correct
sequence of enzyme use for the synthesis of
the ‘lagging’ DNA strand?
a. primase, helicases, DNA polymerase, ligase
b. helicases, primase, ligase, DNA polymerase
c. helicases, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase
d. helicases, DNA polymerase, primase, ligase
e. ligase, primase, DNA polymerase, helicases
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