Brenau University Cellular Reproduction Lab Report Answer all questions and submit written responses and pictures of your simulation activity. I recommend

Brenau University Cellular Reproduction Lab Report Answer all questions and submit written responses and pictures of your simulation activity. I recommend that you make a word document and insert your pictures in the word file. You can submit the word document or first convert into a pdf file and then submit your assignment. Lab Assignment 1
Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Each cell has a limited number of options for its future:
1. grow and divide (though this can be delayed in some cells, such as primary
oocytes)
2. differentiate into a specialized cell and cease growing and dividing
3. die (programmed cell death called apoptosis)
Each cell in a multicellular organism receives information from myriad sources and
processes this information to decide its fate. The process goes like this:
The cell cycle is controlled at three checkpoints:
• G0/G1 Checkpoint
• G1/G2 Checkpoint
• G2/Mitosis Checkpoint
At each checkpoint the cell is assessed. If all is well the cell can proceed to the next
phase.
Mitosis
DNA molecules in the cell nucleus are duplicated before mitosis, during the S (or
synthesis) phase of interphase. Mitosis is the process of nuclear division. At the end of
mitosis, a cell contains two identical nuclei. Mitosis is divided into four stages (PMAT)
listed below.
Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase
Cytokinesis, the process of cell division, occurs during the last stage of mitosis
(telophase). Some cells do not go through mitosis. In this case, these cells move from
G1 of the cell cycle into a resting phase known as G0. Sometimes a cell in G0 will move
back into G1 and continue through the cell cycle. Other cells will simply stay in G0 for
their entire lifetime.
Part 1: Labeling Diagrams (3 points)
Examine the images below. As completely as possible, list the key events that occur in
each stage of mitosis.
Part 2: Mitosis Bead Simulations (5 points)
Think about an easy simulation of chromosome. You will use your creative imagination to
simulate the chromosome. In this exercise you will make models of chromosomes to
study the meiosis chromosome replication. I am giving an example of an idea that you
can use.
Example Materials
If you can find a small magnet and beads, then you can simulate the chromosome.
Proposed materials (you can think of materials that is easy for you)
• 8 magnets (= centromeres)
• 30 beads of one color
• 30 beads of another color
Procedure
Set up half of the beads exactly as follows, representing genes on the chromosome of a
hypothetical critter. Assume that the cell is diploid (2N) and has two different
chromosomes. Since it has two copies of each chromosome the diploid number is 4 (2 ×
2 = 4).
This is what your simulated chromosomes look like in the unreplicated form. Note that there
are four chromosomes here, or two homologous pairs. Each chromosome pair consists of a
maternal and paternal version of the chromosome. The maternal and paternal versions are
represented by respective bead color.
Replicate your chromosomes! Make enough copies of each chromosome to represent
both paternal and maternal chromosomes in a replicated form, as shown below. Note that
the sister chromatids are identical in color. Be sure you can identify the sister chromatids,
chromosomes, and the difference between a replicated and non-replicated form.
Take a pic of your simulation and attach with your submission.
Part 3: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis (3 points)
In both meiosis and mitosis, the original parent cell is a diploid cell. Remember, this
means the cell has two copies of each chromosome. Meiosis and mitosis are both nuclear
divisions that result in new daughter cells. However, the two processes have significant
differences. Fill out the following chart comparing the two forms of nuclear division.
Mitosis
(begins with a single cell)
# chromosomes in parent cells
# DNA replications
# nuclear divisions
# daughter cells produced
purpose
Meiosis
(begins with a single cell)
Part 4: Meiosis Bead Simulation (5 points)
Materials
• 12 magnets (=centromeres)
• 48 beads of one color
• 48 beads of another color
Procedure
1. Set up half of the beads exactly as follows, representing genes on the chromosome
of a hypothetical critter. We will assume that the critter is diploid (2N) and has three
different chromosomes. Because the critter has two copies of each of the three
chromosomes, the diploid number is 6 (2 × 3 = 6).
This is what your simulated chromosomes look like in the unreplicated form. Note that there
are six chromosomes here consisting of three homologous pairs. Each chromosome pair
consists of a maternal and paternal version of the chromosome. The maternal and paternal
versions are represented by the respective bead color.
2. Replicate your chromosomes! Make enough copies of each chromosome to
represent both paternal and maternal chromosomes in a replicated form, as shown
below. Note that the sister chromatids are identical in color. Be sure you can
identify the sister chromatids, chromosomes, and the difference between a
replicated and non-replicated form.
3. Using your maternal and paternal sets of replicated chromosomes and the process
of crossing over. Take a picture and submit with your assignment.
Part 5: Independent Assortment (4 points)
There are two possible ways pairs of homologs (also known as tetrads) can line up on
the metaphase plate during Metaphase I. This possible number of alignments equals 2n,
where n is the number of chromosomes per set. In humans, n=23, so there are
223 possible ways the homologous pairs can line up on the metaphase plate!
Procedure
1. Use the beads from the last simulation. This time demonstrate the principle of
independent assortment by determining how many different gametes you can form
with three homologous pairs.
2. Use the chromosomes to demonstrate all the different ways they can line up on the
metaphase plate.
3. Draw a picture of each possible way of lining up.
4. Then draw a picture of each possible gamete formed when the chromosomes line
up like that.

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