Baltimore City Community College Chapter 1 World History Review Essay Each response must be in formal essay form with an introduction; developed paragraphs

Baltimore City Community College Chapter 1 World History Review Essay Each response must be in formal essay form with an introduction; developed paragraphs and conclusions. I am expecting each of you to demonstrate your understanding of the English language and to make your responses clear, concise and easy to follow. No short-cuts, abbreviations, or other obstructions from formal English!! This applies to all responses from this point forward!! Use the example [of a solid essay] I provide under Files for guidance!!

Provide a cross-section of the chapter to demonstrate you read the chapter in its entirety!!!!

Please send one file only with responses to all questions; no multiple submissions!! When I click your name on the tab the entire assignment should be on it. No exceptions.

Chapter 1:

1. Discuss what you deem to be the seven most important items covered in the chapter. Be sure to explain the importance of each of the seven items. Your selections should show an overview of the entire chapters rather than be concentrated in one section of the book.

2. Which information interested you the most? The least. Explain your reasoning for each.

Chapter 2:

1. Discuss what you deem to be the seven most important items covered in the chapter. Be sure to explain the importance of each of the seven items.

Chapter 3:

1. Discuss what you deem to be the seven most important items covered in the chapter. Be sure to explain the importance of each of the seven items.

Facts to Ponder Question:

1. Review the Facts to Ponder… information listed under FILES. Why is information of this nature seldom mentioned in the American educational system? Note: In this example, students were required to only discuss five events–you must
discuss eight!!
Chapter 30 deals with the effects of the Cold War and decolonization after World War II.
It highlights the struggles between the U.S. and the Soviet Union as both emerged as war
victors and global super powers. It also highlights the ideological conflicts between the
two nations and the source of their differences. The chapter ends with a discussion of
the Vietnam war.
The first event that I deem to be most important in chapter 30 is the Cuban Missile
Crisis in 1962. This event was the climax of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. When Cuba began its socialist regime the U.S. looked
down upon it and tried to put an end to it in an attempt to prevent the spread of
communism. Cuba developed a relationship with the Soviet Union after they embraced
the notion that the U.S. would not let them govern themselves in peace. The Soviet Union
took advantage of this situation by secretly shipping missiles to Cuba. When the U.S.
found out, they ordered Russia to withdraw the missiles or prepare for war. With tensions
at their height and the world holding its breath the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw its
missiles and the U.S. withdrew theirs from Turkey. This is important because this is the
closest the world had come to all-out nuclear war. Additionally, it is a defining moment
in the Cold War.
The second event that I deem to be most important is the Vietnam War that took
place between 1965-1975. The war began as an offensive to prevent the spread of
communism and was influenced by the fabricated Gulf of Tonkin incident. By 1965 there
were over 200,000 American military personnel in Vietnam. The war became the first
majority televised war in history. The war’s brutal jungle fighting and use of volatile
chemicals like Napalm and Agent Orange left much of the world in shock and horror.
Additionally, the guerilla tactics of the enemy made it hard for American military to
distinguish between Vietcong and civilians. This confusion led to numerous civilian
deaths that elevated tensions around the world and at home. The anti-war sentiment and
growing social changes in the U.S. took a large toll on the American government and
public. Vietname is a very important war in American history. It had lasting effects on the
American culture at the time and its effects can still be seen today.
The third event that I deem to be most important is the competition between
Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong for control of China after World War II. Once Japan
had been removed from China, Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang fought Mao Zedong’s
Chinese Communist party for control of China. Though Kai-shek’s army had more
weapons and control of major cities, Zedong and the communist party emerged as victors
with help from experience in World War II. Once in control, the communist’s
revolutionized the country from top to bottom. They expanded education and farming
programs. This event is important because it is the founding of modern day China.
Likewise, Mao Zedong would initiate many reforms in the coming years in an attempt to
transform the country.
The fourth event that I deem to be most important is Kwame Nkrumah leading
Ghana to independence. Nkrumah became the first prime minister of Ghana after leading
the country to independence from Britain. He emphasized Pan-African unity and the
importance of nation-building. This is important because it was the first of many
countries that gained freedom from their European rulers after World War II.
Additionally, Nkrumah became a symbol of African unity and independence in Africa
and around the world.
The fifth event that I deem to be most important is the Hungarian uprising in
1956. In this uprising, the Hungarian people revolted against their Soviet communist
government. This rebellion led the Soviets to invade and forcefully enforce their
communist regime, again. Many rebels were imprisoned or executed and the revolt was
crushed. This is important because it shows a country revolting against the Soviet Union
and communism. It also became an example of where the U.S. related the horrors of
communism to democracy.
During the Cold War and post-World War II era many changes occurred. The
U.S. and the Soviet Union developed many tensions. Both sides sought to weaken the
influence and politics of the other on a global level. Likewise, the U.S. involvement in
the Vietnam War at the height of the counter-culture revolution created immense tensions
in the country as many youth fiercely protested U.S. involvement. The events of this time
period would go on to shape how the country would develop.
Facts to Ponder
Unfortunately, the study of history is riddled with racist myths, lies and omissions, so much of which
are designed to promote the myths of White Superiority and Black Inferiority. In my lecture lectures, I
spend the first two to three weeks of the regular 15 week courses discussing facts and information
combating these myths. By doing so, I challenge students to research and probe both the traditional
information and the information that I present. Below I have provided some of the facts that I often
cover in my lecture classes. With your time being so restricted because of the workload of the
Semester, I recommend that you study this information during breaks, relaxation periods or after you
have completed required assignments. Much of the information below is taken from some of my
books. I will provide you original sources for the facts.
▪According to the most recent findings, the oldest “civilization” on record has been uncovered among
the ruins of Ancient Nubia, located in modern-day Sudan. Ancient Egyptian sources indicate that the
Egyptians viewed Nubians and their civilization as their parent civilization.
▪The oldest government on record, a monarchy, has been unearthed among the rules of Ancient
Nubia. [See article in New York Times. “Nubian Monarchy called Oldest.” March 1, 1979, pp. 1, A16.
▪Ancient records refer to the Nubians as Ethiopians. According to ancient Roman historian,
Diodorus: …from the Ethiopians the Egyptians derived their worship of the King, Their conservation
of their royal sepulcher, their achievements in sculpture, And also their language and script. [See the
Historical Library of Diodorus The Sicilian; translated by G. Booth in London in 1814. [Quoted in
Lerone Bennett’ s Before the Mayflower. Johnson Publishing. 1969, p.6.]
▪Herodotus, whom western scholars have designated the “Father of History”, contends in
his Histories that the Ancient Egyptians were black Africans. On pages 114-115, he compares their
Nubians (Ethiopians), the Colchians (an ancient civilization in modern-day Russia) and the Egyptians
and concludes that all three peoples had black skin and wolly hair and thus were the same race. [See
the History of Herodotus. Translated by George Rawlinson. Published by Tudor Publishing. 1928.]
▪According to one of France’s greatest scholars, Count Victor Volney, the author of Ruins of
Empires, Africans provided some of the basic tenets of modern civilization. Volney declared:
There are a people, now forgotten, discovered while others were yet barbarians, the elements of the
arts and sciences. A race of men now rejected for their black skin and wooly hair founded on the study
of the laws of nature these civil and Religious systems which still govern the universe. [Ruins of
Empires. Published by Peter Eckler. 1980. p. XVII.]
▪According to the writings of the Aryans who invaded Indus Valley civilization (modern India) and
conquered Ancient Sumer, the Sumerians were a Black people. The Aryans contended that they
called themselves the Black heads and the Black-faced people. Your text and most other western
texts contend that Sumer was the first “civilization” on record. {See John G. Jackson. Introduction to
African Civilization. Citadel Press. 1970, pp. 64-74.
▪Herodotus also contended that most of the gods of Greece came out of Africa and that Egyptian
architecture impressed him more than Greek architecture [See the History of Herodotus].
▪The oldest known astronomical observatories have been uncovered in modern-day Kenya. The
findings of these observatories substantiate the claims of Ancient Greek travellers that Africans were
the first and most skilled astronomers of antiquity. [See Blacks in Science; edited by Ivan Van
Sertima; 1983.]
▪The oldest medical texts on record have been uncovered among the ruins of Ancient Egypt. These
texts have been misnomered the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin C. Smith Papyrus. These texts reveal
that Ancient Egyptians pioneered in surgery, pathology, and herbal pharmacology. [Start with Black
in Science].
▪Ancient Afrikans developed the first known hospital, the Temple of Imhotep, named after the true
father of medicine. [Blacks in Science] Western scholars normally deem Hippocrates as the father of
medicine, but he lived some 2,700 years after Imhotep. More, Hippocrates and other Greeks and
Romans worshipped Imhotep as the God of Medicine.
▪The Sumerians, the people who founded Mesopotamia, were an African people. Ancient records
designate them as the black-heads or black-faced peoples. [See John G. Jackson. Introduction to
African Civilization].
▪Abu Simbel, one of the world’s largest temples, was built in Ancient Nubia [located in modern-day
Sudan in East Africa]. This temple is so massive that Europe’s three largest cathedrals could fit
comfortably into it. It was brilliantly designed so that the rays of the rising sun could penetrate the
deepest room, 180 feet back from the entrance [See W.A. Fairservis. Egypt: Gift of the Nile. 1963.
▪Lalibella III, an Ethiopian emperor, built 26 temples in northern Ethiopia. These temples were
carved out of solid rock and took 28 years to build. The largest is 100 feet long, 70 feet wide and 36
feet high. [See E. Jefferson Murphy. History of African Civilization. 1972].
▪Ancient Africans pioneered in iron-making. The oldest known iron furnace has been unearthed in
Tanzania in East Africa. It is believed to be about 2,000 years old. According to western scientists and
anthropologists studying the furnace, Africans achieved an temperature with the ancient furnaces
that European furnaces did not attain until the mid-1800s. [See Blacks in Science].
▪Ancient Rome had several African emperors, including: Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Firmus,
Honorius, Pescinius Niger and Macrinus. [See J.A. Rogers. 100 Amazing Facts about the Negro
and Sex and Race, Volume I].
▪When Ancient Chinese civilization unfolds, Chinese scholars have noted the existence of a Black
society in southern China. [See Cheik Anta Diop. African Origins of Civilization: Myth or Reality.
1974].
▪Herodotus also contended that most of the gods of Greece came out of Africa and that Egyptian
architecture impressed him more than Greek architecture [See the History of Herodotus].
▪The oldest known astronomical observatories have been uncovered in modern-day Kenya. The
findings of these observatories substantiate the claims of Ancient Greek travelers that Africans were
the first and most skilled astronomers of antiquity. [See Blacks in Science; edited by Ivan Van
Sertima; 1983.]
▪The oldest medical texts on record have been uncovered among the ruins of Ancient Egypt.
These texts have been misnomered the Ebers Papyrus and the Edwin C. Smith Papyrus. These texts
reveal that Ancient Egyptians pioneered in surgery, pathology, and herbal pharmacology. [Start
with Black in Science].
▪Ancient Afrikans developed the first known hospital, the Temple of Imhotep, named after the true
father of medicine. [Blacks in Science] Western scholars normally deem Hippocrates as the father of
medicine, but he lived some 2,700 years after Imhotep. More, Hippocrates and other Greeks and
Romans worshipped Imhotep as the God of Medicine.
▪The Sumerians, the people who founded Mesopotamia, were an African people. Ancient records
designate them as the black-heads or black-faced peoples. [See John G. Jackson. Introduction to
African Civilization].
▪Abu Simbel, one of the world’s largest temples, was built in Ancient Nubia [located in modern-day
Sudan in East Africa]. This temple is so massive that Europe’s three largest cathedrals could fit
comfortably into it. It was brilliantly designed so that the rays of the rising sun could penetrate the
deepest room, 180 feet back from the entrance [See W.A. Fairservis. Egypt: Gift of the Nile. 1963.
▪Lalibella III, an Ethiopian emperor, built 26 temples in northern Ethiopia. These temples were
carved out of solid rock and took 28 years to build. The largest is 100 feet long, 70 feet wide and 36
feet high. [See E. Jefferson Murphy. History of African Civilization. 1972].
▪Ancient Africans pioneered in iron-making. The oldest known iron furnace has been unearthed in
Tanzania in East Africa. It is believed to be about 2,000 years old. According to western scientists and
anthropologists studying the furnace, Africans achieved an temperature with the ancient furnaces
that European furnaces did not attain until the mid-1800s. [See Blacks in Science].
▪Ancient Rome had several African emperors, including: Septimus Severus, Caracalla, Firmus,
Honorius, Pescinius Niger and Macrinus. [See J.A. Rogers. 100 Amazing Facts about the Negro
and Sex and Race, Volume I].
▪When Ancient Chinese civilization unfolds, Chinese scholars have noted the existence of a Black
society in southern China. [See Cheik Anta Diop. African Origins of Civilization: Myth or Reality.
1974].
When reviewing Major Essays on the ASSIGNMENTS Board [Essay #1]: I evaluate three major
areas:
a. Grammar;
b. Knowledge/understanding as reflected in the essay, and
c. Content [overall, presentation, extent to which the essay follows the guidelines..].
Each of these areas are worth 33.3%. Generally, in my comments, there are five terms that I
regularly employ:
a. “Challenged” means the student is not following guidelines and/or not meeting minimum
requirements in one or more of the three areas listed above. This level generally means
below average work–“D-” to “F” work.
b. “Acceptable” means the student has met the minimum requirements. This level
generally means passing level. C-//D+
b. “Respectable” means the student has met the nominal requirements. This level generally
means average work– “C”// “C+” to low “B-” work.
d. “Largely Sound” means the student has provided above average work, but that minor
improvement in some areas is needed. This level generally means solid “B” to “B+” work.
e. “Sound” means the student has provided exceptional work; while there is a range for
“sound” and essays can always be improved, this level basically means the essay is “A” work
or close to “A” work.
While grading essays focusing on historical interpretation is extremely subjective work, the
above represent the criteria I employ while evaluating your work.
Hope this provides you some understanding of the evaluation process?

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