ARSD India Wave Motion and Light Waves and Color Lab Report Hello can you please do lab part 11,12,13You can covert the pdfs and then edit your work Simple

ARSD India Wave Motion and Light Waves and Color Lab Report Hello can you please do lab part 11,12,13You can covert the pdfs and then edit your work Simple stuffs needed Enclosed in this attachment, Work 6.1, are the following. Scroll down to find everything or use the hyperlinks to get there a
little faster.
Notes 6.2
HW 12
HW 12 Answers
Lab 13
Notes 6.2
Light Waves and Color
What is light? It was thought for many years that light was made of particles emitted from a source. We know today that light
also is emitted as waves. This is known as the dual nature of light. Light is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves
that stimulates the retina of the eye. This is the section of the EM spectrum known as visible light. Is ranges from about 700 nm
(red light) to about 400 nm (violet light). The rest of the electromagnetic spectrum is invisible to our eyes.
Light travels in straight lines in a vacuum or other uniform media. When an object blocks light, a shadow is formed. Also, our
brains locate objects automatically by assuming that light travels in straight lines. This has led to the ray model of light. A ray
is a straight line used to represent a beam of light. This is a useful way to study the properties of light.
The Speed of Light
During the time of Galileo, people thought that light traveled instantaneously. Between the years 1668 and 1674, a Danish
astronomer, Ole Roemer, was the first to demonstrate that light had a measurable speed. He found that it took as much as 14
seconds longer for one of moons of Jupiter’s light to reach Earth during a six-month period. It then took as much as 14 seconds
fewer for the same moon’s light to reach Earth during the next six-month period. He assumed that the moon was not speeding
up and slowing down, but that the light had to travel different distances to reach Earth. Roemer’s measurements gave a speed of
2.2 x 106 m/s, about 2/3 of what we know it to be today, but the speed of light was found to be finite.
In 1926, an American physicist, Albert A. Michelson measured the time it took for light to make a round trip between two
mountains in California, 35 km apart. Michelson’s calculated speed of light was 3.0 x 108 m/s. For this work he received the
Nobel prize in science. The speed of light in a vacuum is such an important number that it is given its own symbol, c.
The first six minutes of this video explains how Michelson’s experiment was done: https://youtu.be/AFbiwA2SBM4
Sources of Light
What is the difference between sunlight and moonlight? The sun is a luminous body, that is, it given off its own light.
Moonlight is reflected light. It has no light of its own. This kind of body is illuminated. Lightbulbs and hot, glowing metal are
luminous. Most other light on Earth is illuminated.
Light and Matter
Objects that transmit light without distortion are said to be transparent. Examples are ordinary window glass, air, and some
plastics. If light passes through but is distorted, the object is said to be translucent. Examples are frosted glass and lamp
shades. However, if an object completely blocks light, such as a wall, it is called opaque.
Color
The first time we learn about colors of light, it seems to fly in the face of all we’ve learned our whole life about color. When
we’re young we learn out colors from pigments, like crayons and paint. Colors of light work differently from this, so it doesn’t
seem to fit with our perception of this situation. It feels wrong! However, it is not wrong, and it is the bigger picture of what
light and color are about. If this is your first time to learn the following information, you’ll need to work to expand your
knowledge because it is usually very confusing at first!
In 1666, Isaac Newton did his first experiments on the rainbow of colors produced by a prism. Newton called this rainbow a
spectrum. He thought some unevenness in the glass caused the spectrum. To test this, he allowed the spectrum produced by one
prism to fall onto a second prism. If his unevenness in the glass theory were correct, more colors would be produced. However,
the second prism reversed the spectrum and produced white light. After more experiments, Newton concluded that white light is
made up of the colors of the spectrum.
Colors by Addition
White light can be formed from colored light in a variety of ways. For example, if the correct intensities of red, green and blue
light are projected on a screen, white light will be produced.
Red, green and blue light are the primary colors of light. The secondary colors are produced by mixing two of the primary
colors. Mixing red and green light will produce yellow light. Red and blue light will produce magenta light and the
combination of blue and green light will give cyan light. The secondary colors of light are yellow, magenta, and cyan.
If a primary color is mixed with a secondary color, a complementary color will be produced.
Yellow and blue light will combine to form white light. They are called complementary colors. Other complementary colors are
cyan and red, and magenta and green.
Colors by Subtraction
Pigments, like dyes and paints, absorb certain colors and reflect other colors. Red paint looks red because it is reflecting red
light and absorbing all the other colors.
The absorption of light forms colors by subtraction. Pigments that absorb only one color of light are said to be primary
pigments. Yellow pigment absorbs blue and reflects red and green light. Yellow, cyan and magenta are primary pigments. A
primary pigment absorbs one primary color of light and reflects two. A pigment that absorbs two primary colors of light and
reflects one is called a secondary pigment. The secondary pigments are red (which absorbs green and blue light), blue (which
absorbs red and green light) and green (which absorbs blue and red light).
If the study of colors of light is very new to you, watch all three of the following videos.
The following video gives a very good overview of colors of light: https://youtu.be/x7tpOkfNIHE
Watch the following short video which explains how we see color. https://youtu.be/Hbxy1W9O_Wk
The following video helps us understand why magenta is not in a rainbow. https://youtu.be/iPPYGJjKVco
Polarization of Light
Polarization of light waves can be understood using the model of a rope and picket fence. If the rope is an unfiltered light ray, it
is traveling in an infinite number of planes. If the rope is forced through a picket fence, it can only vibrate up and down, not side
to side. This is like polarized light. Polarized light is light that has been filtered so that it comes through the filter traveling in
only one plane. If a second polaroid filter we used at right angles to the first filter, virtually all light would be stopped. Polaroid
sunglasses filter sunlight both from the sun directly and reflected sunlight from cars, windows, and other hard surfaces. This
greatly reduces glare from the sun.
The following short video explains polarization of light:

The following video explains how polarized sunglasses and 3D glasses work:

Name
PHY 1100 HW 12 (This HW may be easier if you do the lab 13 (which follows) first.)
1.
List the primary colors of light
2.
What happens when we combine the primary colors of light?
3.
What are the three secondary colors of light?
4.
What color of light will produced the indicated color of light?
a.
b.
c.
d.
5.
6.
8.
+ green = yellow
+ blue = cyan
+ yellow = white
+ cyan = white
You have a blue opaque object (an object that appears blue in white light). What color will it look under the following
colors of light?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
7.
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
_________
blue light
red light
green light
cyan light
yellow light
magenta light
What color does a red shirt appear when the room lights are turned off and the room is entirely dark?
The following barriers are opaque. Indicate what color the barrier appears if the white light is shown on each.
a.
The following opaque object can absorb only red. What color does is appear?
b.
The following opaque object can absorb only green What color does is appear?
c.
The following opaque object can absorb all the colors. What color does is appear?
True or False? White and black are both colors of light. Explain your answer.
9.
Use the terms transmission, reflection, and absorption to label the following diagram:
a.
b.
c.
10. Label each of the following objects as opaque, transparent, or translucent:
a.
b.
Incident
Light
Transmitted
Light
c.
Incident
Light
Transmitted
Light
Incident
Light
Absorbed
Light
11.
Explain why we see a leaf as green.
12. What are the three primary colors of pigment?
13. What are the three secondary colors of pigment?
14. Draw rays of light to show how white light interacts with each of the following opaque objects.
a.
a cyan object
R B G
b.
a yellow object
R G B
c.
yellow
Cyan
a black object
RB G
d. a white object
R B G
White
15. Draw rays of light to show how white light interacts with each of the following transparent colored filters.
a. red filter
b. a green filter
c. a yellow filter
white
light
d.
R
a magenta filter
e.
a cyan and yellow filter combination
HW 12 Answers
1.
red, blue and green
2.
white light is produced
3.
cyan, yellow, and magenta
4.
a.
5.
You have a blue opaque object (an object that appears blue in white light). What color will it look under the following
colors of light?
a. blue
(blue is reflected)
d. blue
(the blue will reflect, but not the green)
red b.
green
c.
blue
d.
red
b.
black
(no blue light present to be reflected)
e.
black
(no blue light present to be reflected)
c.
black
(no blue light present to be reflected)
f.
blue
(the blue will reflect, but not the red)
6.
Black
7.
The following barriers are opaque. Indicate what color the barrier appears if the white light is shown on each.
a.
cyan (green and blue are reflected)
b.
magenta (red and blue are reflected)
c.
black (no colors are reflected)
8.
False. Black is not a color. Colors are those that are reflected and black only absorbs colors.
9.
a.
10. a.
reflection
b.
absorption
c.
transmission
transparent
b.
translucent
c.
opaque
11. A leaf appears green because it reflects primarily green light and absorbs the rest of the colors.
12. Cyan, yellow and magenta
13. Red, green and blue
14. Draw rays of light to show how white light interacts with each of the following opaque objects.
a.
b.
blue and green rays are reflected
red and green rays are reflected
c.
d.
no rays are reflected
red, blue, and green are reflected
a.
only red is transmitted
b.
only green is transmitted
c.
red and green are transmitted (It looks like yellow light)
d.
red and blue are transmitted (It looks like magenta light)
e.
blue and green light are transmitted through the cyan filter, and only green is transmitted through the yellow filter.
15.
Name
Lab 13 Colors and filters
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/color-vision/latest/color-vision_en.html
Begin this simulation with the Single Bulb option.
Part I Colors and Filters
1.
Above the flashlight, click on the white bulb. What color do we see when white light is shown in our eyes?
.
2.
Above the flashlight, click on the yellow bulb. Click on the spectrum to change the color of the bulb. Answer the
following questions. If red light is shown into our eyes, what color do we see?
? If blue light is shown into
our eyes, what color do we see?
Try different colored bulbs. How is the color of the bulb related to the color
we see?
.
3.
Under the lens holder there is a black circle. Slide the circle to the right to bring up a filter. Begin with white light (white
bulb). Change the color of the filter and see what color is perceived when white light is shown through the filter.
How is the color of a filter in white light related to what the color we see?
4.
Click on the yellow bulb. You will now change the bulb color and filter color according to the chart below. Fill in the
color that is transmitted through the filter (the color we would see), and the color absorbed (the color that does not go
through the filter). Use the following abbreviations for the colors. The filter two trials are done for you.
R Red
G Green
B Blue
Bulb
color
R
Filter
color
R
Color
transmitted
R
Colors
absorbed
G,B
R
G
none
all
G
G
G
R
G
B
B
B
B
R
B
G
5.
There is a vary narrow range in the filter selection for cyan. Change the filter color to cyan. Because cyan is a mix of blue
and green, both bulbs colors should be able to go through a cyan filter. See if this is true. Do all wavelengths of green and
blue go through a cyan filter?
6.
There is a very narrow range in the filter selection for yellow. Change the filter color to yellow. Because yellow is a mix
of red and green, both bulbs colors should be able to go through a yellow filter. See if this is true. Do all wavelengths of
red and blue go through a yellow filter?
Part Two.
1.
Red, Green and Blue
Change the setting at the bottom of the screen to RGB Bulbs.
a.
Use the slide bar to turn the red flashlight on full. What color is perceived?
b.
Keeping the red light turned on, add the blue flashlight on full. What color is perceived?
c.
Turn off the red and blue lights. Use the slide bar to turn the green flashlight on full. What color is
perceived?
d.
Use the slide bars to turn the red and green flashlights on full. What color is perceived?
e.
Use the slide bars to turn the blue and green flashlights on full. What color is perceived?
f.
Use the slide bars to turn all three flashlights on full. What color is perceived?
2.
What are the three primary colors of light?
3.
What are the three secondary colors of light?
Hi Everybody,
Test 4 is this Wednesday. A fair number of you are still struggling with the circuits, but many of you seem to have them figured
out. If you need more work, there are a lot of practice circuits in the notes, along with some helpful videos. These electrical
circuits are not really difficult, but they are tricky. Do your best.
This we start the work for the last test of the semester. Waves are a big topic, but very interesting and the math is no more
difficult than anything else you have already done.
Enclosed in this attachment, Work 6.1, are the following. Scroll down to find everything or use the hyperlinks to get there a
little faster.
Notes 6.1
Equations for Test 5
HW 11
HW 11 Answers
Lab 11
Lab 12
Notes 6.1
Wave Motion
I.
Properties of Waves
Mechanical waves are waves that require a medium in which to travel. Waves such as a spring, those in water, or those in a
rope are all mechanical waves.
Both particles and waves can carry energy but there is a significant difference in how they do it. Particles carry energy with
them as they move, as a thrown baseball. However, waves transmit energy. If you are holding one end of a rope and someone
else is holding the other end and you make waves in the rope, the particles that make up the rope do not travel. The energy of
the wave travels from one end of the rope to the other. There are many kinds of waves and they all transmit energy, including
the waves we cannot see, such as sound waves.
A transverse wave is one where the particles of the waves move perpendicular to the energy of the wave, such as the waves in a
rope.
When one disturbance goes down a mechanical wave, it is called a pulse. If a train of pulses continue down the wave, a
continuous wave is generated.
A compressional or longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles making up the wave move perpendicular to the energy
motion of the wave. Examples of compressional waves are springs and sound waves. Waves deep in a lake or ocean are
compressional waves, but those on the surface of water are a mix of compressional and transverse waves.
II. Measuring a Wave
The speed of a wave can be found the same way in which you would determine the speed of a moving car. It is determined by
the properties of the medium that the wave must travel through.
The amplitude of a wave is a measure of the energy of the wave. It is measured from the rest position to the crest of the wave or
the rest position to the trough of the wave. A wave with a high amplitude can travel farther, but it cannot travel faster.
Amplitude is not affected by velocity.
Wavelength is a measure from one crest of the wave to another crest. The Greek letter, λ, represents wavelength. Wavelength is
measured in meters.
The frequency of a wave is the number of complete oscillations is makes in one second. In other words, it is the number of
times a wave goes up and then down in one second. Frequency is measured in Hertz. One Hz is one wave/s or one cycle/s or
just s-1.
The period of a wave is the inverse of the frequency. It is the time in seconds for one wave or one cycle to occur. Period and
frequency do not depend on the wave’s speed or direction.
Example 1.
A sound wave produced by a clock chime is heard 515 m away 1.50 s later.
a.
What is the speed of sound of the clock’s chime in air?
v=
b.
515 m
= 343 m/s
1.50 s
The sound has a frequency of 436 Hz. What is its period?
1
f
1
= 0.00229 s
436 Hz
What is its wavelength?
v
λ=
f
343 m/s
= 0.787 m
436 Hz
T=
c.
d
t
***Practice Problem 1
A hiker shouts toward a vertical cliff 6895 m away. The echo is heard 40.0 s later.
a.
What is the speed of sound of the hiker’s voice in air?
b.
The wavelength of the sound is 0.750 m. What is its frequency?
c.
What is the period of the wave? [0.00219 s]
Example 3
What is the speed of a periodic wave disturbance that has a frequency of 2.50 Hz and a wavelength of 0.600 m?
v = λf
0.600 m x 2.50 Hz = 1.50 m/s
***Practice Problem 2
A compressional wave that has a frequency of 20.0 Hz travels along a coil spring. If the distance between successive
compressions is 0.40 m, what is the speed of the wave?
***Practice Problem 3
The Sears Building in Chicago sways back and forth in the wind with a frequency of about 0.10 Hz. What is its period of
vibration?
***Practice Problem 4
If you clap your hands and hear the echo from a distant wall 0.20 s later, how far away is the wall?
Assume the speed of sound is 343 m/s.
III. Reflection of Waves
Reflection of waves occur when a wave bounces off a barrier. Reflection will always follow the law of reflection which states:
The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is measured from the incident ray to the normal.
The angle of reflection is measured from the normal to the reflected ray. The normal is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular
to the surface that causes the wave reflection.
Watch the following video which explains the law of reflection:

Superposition of Waves
Suppose a pulse traveling down a spring meets a reflected pulse coming back. In this case, the two waves exist in the same
medium at the same time. Each wave affects the medium independently. The disturbance of a medium caused by two or more
waves is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the two waves. This is called the law of superposition. In other words, two
or more waves can combine to form a new wave. If the waves are in opposite directions, they can cancel or form a new wave of
less or greater amplitude. The result of the superposition is waves is called interference.
Wave interference can be either constructive or destructive. The superposition of two waves with equal but opposite amplitudes
causes destructive interference. In other words, the crest of one wave meet the trough of a different wave. After they pass one
another, they continue with no energy loss.
A crest approaches a trough
Complete destructive interference occurs
The waves continue, unaffected by the interference.
They have lost no energy.
Constructive interference occurs when the wave displacements are in the same d…
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