ANTH 145 Introduction to Anthropology The Archaeological Record and Formation Process Analysis Need to answer all seven questions. Detailed question inform

ANTH 145 Introduction to Anthropology The Archaeological Record and Formation Process Analysis Need to answer all seven questions. Detailed question information is post in the attached file.

Word count at least 350

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Assignment 1 Rubric

Criteria Ratings Pts

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4.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 2

4.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 3

4.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 4

4.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 5

4.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 6

5.0 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeQuestion 7

5.0 pts

Total Points: 30.0 ANTH 145 ~ Principles of Archaeology
Assignment #1: The Archaeological Record and Formation Processes
30 points total
This week you learned about the nature and quality of the archaeological record, including the
various processes that lead to its formation and the differential preservation of material. Your
assignment is to read the case study below and answer the seven questions. Please input your
responses directly into the Canvas submission box.
Background:
In 1991, a German couple chanced upon the frozen body of a middle-aged man while hiking in the
Tyrolean Alps (see textbook pp. 54–55). Initially, Austrian authorities believed this to be the remains
of an unfortunate but modern hiker. However, a closer look at the artifacts associated with the
remains confirmed the unexpected: the Iceman, as he came to be called, was born around 5300 cal.
BP and is the oldest fully preserved human body yet found.
While the exact circumstances of his death remain unclear, archaeologists do know that the
Iceman was not intentionally buried. While intentional human burials do offer a wealth of
information to archaeologists, the artifacts found associated with the Iceman are not from a ritual
context. In other words, the Iceman and his equipment represent a snapshot of everyday activity in
the Neolithic and a chance for archaeologists to study what life was really like over 5000 years ago.
The following is the complete list of artifacts that were found associated with the human remains:
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Ceramic bowl
Stone goddess figurine
Leather cap
Copper axe head
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Animal bone comb
Woven reed mat
Ground ochre pigment
Leather loincloth and sandals
The archaeologists also found evidence that the following events occurred at the find site:
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Glacier movement had scattered some of the artifacts associated with the body
A curious hiker pulled the copper axe head out of the ice before archaeologists arrived
A survey team unknowingly damaged the right side of the human remains while placing a geographic marker
shortly after World War II
A particularly warm period in the mid-19th century resulted in the Iceman’s left foot being partially exposed
for a time. It is poorly preserved.
Questions:
1. Which artifacts are made of organic material? [4 points]
2. Which artifacts are made of inorganic material? [4 points]
3. Which artifacts found are unlikely to have survived had they not been preserved in a cold environment? In a few
sentences, explain why not? [4 points]
4. Which events are cultural formation processes? [4 points]
5. Which events are natural formation processes? [4 points]
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ANTH 145 ~ Principles of Archaeology
6. In a few sentences, define what is meant by archaeological context. Why is it important for understanding such
artifacts as those found with the Iceman? [5 points]
7. Well preserved finds such as the Iceman are very rare. Most of the archaeological record is fragmentary and timeaveraged. What does it mean that the archaeological record is time-averaged? What is the implication of timeaveraging for what we can say about the archaeological record? [5 points]
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