ANT101 Ashford Etic and Emic Perspectives Gender and Body Image Paper ANT101 Week Five Final Paper Checklist Introduction Write an introductory paragraph

ANT101 Ashford Etic and Emic Perspectives Gender and Body Image Paper ANT101 Week Five Final Paper Checklist

Introduction

Write an introductory paragraph that:

? Sets up your topic, previews and summarizes the analysis you will present in the body of the paper. Everything covered in your paper should relate back to the introduction and thesis statement.

? Ends with a thesis statement that clearly states what the main point of your paper will be. ? Draw from what you learned while identifying thesis statements in the Week Two Locating Scholarly Resources assignment to help you craft your own thesis statement.

? Review your instructor’s feedback on your thesis statement from your Week Three Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper assignment.

Part I

Write two- to two-and-a-half pages that:

? Describes an aspect of your own culture from an etic perspective. You chose this aspect of culture on the Week 3 Worksheet assignment. You can describe American culture in general or you can describe an American subculture, such as a specific geographical group (e.g., New Yorkers), a particular ethnicity (e.g., African Americans), or an age-related category of Americans (e.g., millennials).

? Uses the article by Miner to guide your own description. How would an anthropologist describe the topic you have chosen?

? Uses the textbook.

? Uses at least one reliable source to support your analysis. Review the ANT101: Evaluating Sources tutorial from the Ashford Library for help choosing a reliable source.

? Uses in-text citations every time you include information you learned from one of your sources. Review the In-Text Citation Guide for help with this.

? Demonstrates a culturally relativistic perspective. Do not use opinionated or judgmental language.

Part II

Write two- to two-and-a-half pages that:

? Describes an aspect of another culture from an emic perspective. You chose this aspect of culture on the Week 3 Worksheet assignment and you were assigned a particular article based on the List of Topics.

? Uses the assigned article to guide your description.

? Uses in-text citations every time you include information you learned from one of your sources. Review the In-Text Citation Guide for help with this.

? Demonstrates a culturally relativistic perspective. Do not use opinionated or judgmental language.

Conclusion

Write a concluding paragraph that:

? Reinforces your thesis.

? Summarizes and ties together your main points for the reader.

? Incorporates some of your self-reflexive analysis from the Journal entry you created in Week Four. The following is an example of a title page for this paper. You can use this as
a model to help you create your own title page.
List your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
Education in Perspective
Jane Student
ANT101
Instructor Smith
4/9/18
The following is an example of an introduction for this paper. You can use
this as a model to help you write your own introduction, but you can’t use
this exact introduction.
Cultural relativism tells us that we must examine cultural practices within their cultural
contexts, seeking to understand cultural practices from the perspective of those who take part in
them. It is always difficult to understand another culture from an emic perspective, and there is
an ethnocentric tendency to favor your own culture, viewing it as superior to others. In order to
overcome this tendency toward ethnocentrism, it is helpful to change your perspective, assuming
an outsider’s view toward your own culture and taking on an insider’s perspective toward
another culture. Over the course of this paper, I will examine an aspect of my own culture
through an etic lens in order to gain the perspective of an outsider, and I will examine an aspect
of another culture from an insider’s perspective in order to become more familiar with the
motivations behind this practice. Specifically, I will examine the state of higher education in
America and discuss anti-school culture among boys in Sweden to show that what Americans
consider “normal” is unusual in a wider context, and to examine how cultural narratives are
perpetuated and how they can negatively affect student performance. In both cases, culturally
based expectations are treated as the norm and often go unquestioned.
Helpful tip: Use the
introduction to set up the
major concepts and topics
that will be covered in the
paper.
End your introduction with a
thesis statement that sets up
what you will cover in the body
of the paper and explains the
purpose of your paper.
The following is an example of how to start Part I of this paper. You can use
this as a model to help you write your own paper, but you cannot use this
exact phrasing.
Begin this section with a discussion of what the term etic means and why it is
important to be able to take this perspective. Then apply an etic perspective
to the aspect of culture you have chosen to discuss.
Please note that this example is shorter than what is required for your final
Include a section heading here.
Part I
paper and the margins are wider to allow for comments.
Introduce your topic
in the first sentence.
Set up a quotation
with a signal phrase,
enclose it within
quotation marks, and
include a citation and
page number.
In this section, I will examine the state of higher education in America
from an etic perspective. As Crapo (2013) describes it, “etic models invariably
describe each culture in ways that seem alien to its own participants but that
facilitate comparisons between cultures and the discovery of universal principles
in the structure and functioning of cultures” (p.27). In his seminal article entitled
Body Ritual among the Nacirema, Miner (1956) describes aspects of the
“Nacirema” culture from an etic perspective, allowing the reader to gradually
Include a citation
every time you
paraphrase
information that you
have learned from
your sources. The
majority of
information that you
present in your paper
should be
paraphrased (rather
than quoted) in order
to show your
understanding of the
material.
realize that the Nacirema are Americans. It is helpful to examine American
culture from an etic perspective in order to step outside our own experience as
enculturated members of this society. From an etic perspective, American
practices probably seem just as strange or unusual to outsiders as other cultural
practices sometimes appear to us before we understand the cultural context behind
them.
Examining higher education in America from an etic perspective is
instructive. American colleges and universities are considered some of the best in
the world; however, American students often have to take on staggering debt in a
Use reputable
statistics and/or
scholarly sources to
support your
assertions.
You only need one
source in addition to
the textbook and the
Miner article for this
section, but you can
include more if you
would like to do so.
bid to achieve the “American dream” (U.S. Department of Education, 2012). The
total amount of student loan debt in America is approaching $1.2 trillion (Chopra,
2014). The average graduate in 2014 had approximately $33,000 in student loan
debt, leaving many students hesitant to take on other large debts, such as
mortgages (Izzo, 2014). If the trends continue the way the U.S. Department of
Education (2012) has predicted, by 2016, the cost to attend a public college will
have more than doubled over the past fifteen years. Around the rest of the world,
students protest tuition increases that might appear miniscule to Americans. In
It is okay to
occasionally use
reputable news
sources to refer to
current events.
Avoid opinion or
editorial pieces,
however, and focus
on reports of factual
information.
London, thousands of protesters marched against tuition increases in England,
which would be capped at a maximum of £9,000 per year (or around $14,500)
(BBC, 2011). Recently, Germany decided to make higher education free to all
students (O’Shaughnessy, 2014). Previously, fees were quite affordable at around
$630 per semester (O’Shaughnessy, 2014).
While Americans enjoy high quality education, the amount of debt they
must incur leaves many critical of the higher education system. Even American
President Obama noted that colleges should find ways to reduce costs (Hudson,
Examine how
outsiders might view
this aspect of
American culture.
2014). Cultural outsiders, especially Germans, might very well conclude that their
own system of higher education is preferable, and many would likely be surprised
at the lack of protests and activism among American college students.
Remember to include a full reference entry at the end of your paper for each
source you have cited in this section.
The following is an example of how to start Part II of this paper. You can use
this as a model to help you write your own paper, but you cannot use this
exact phrasing.
Begin this section with a discussion of what the term emic means and why it
is important to be able to take this perspective. Then apply an emic
perspective to the aspect of culture you have chosen to discuss.
Please note that this example is shorter than what is required for your final
Include a section heading here.
Part II
paper and the margins are wider to allow for comments.
Introduce your topic
in the first sentence.
In this section, I will examine the cultural narratives that negatively affect
school performance among boys in Sweden. As Crapo (2013) describes it, “An
emic description or analysis—that is, an insider’s or native’s meaningful
account—may be written for outsiders but portrays a culture and its meanings as
Introduce the source
you are using in this
section.
the insider understands it” (p.27). In his article, Boys’ Anti-school culture?
Narratives and School Practices, Jonsson (2014) conducts an ethnography of two
secondary schools in Sweden to better understand boys’ attitudes toward school.
Boys are influenced by their peers, teachers, and by stereotypes about how
Include an in-text
citation every time
you draw upon
information that you
learned from your
source.
Remember, you do
not need to do
outside research for
this section. If you do,
make sure to use
reputable scholarly
sources.
male/female students typically act.
There is a danger to assuming that the behavior of boys and girls can be
categorized and applied to all members of the same gender, but in terms of overall
performance in all subjects, girls out-perform boys in Sweden (Jonsson, 2014).
Similar results are seen in America, where the performance gap is most
pronounced in language courses and smallest in math courses (Voyer and Voyer,
2014). Evidence suggests that, in America, there are deeply held stereotypes
It can be helpful to
introduce a
comparison to
American culture to
make your point, but
make sure the
majority of this
section focuses on
the culture you have
chosen to discuss.
regarding the superiority of boys in math, such that teachers, students, and parents
all believe that boys are inherently better than girls at math, even though recent
studies show that girls and boys perform similarly in math, with girls even outperforming boys in some recent studies (Lindberg, Shibley Hyde, and Petersen,
2010; Voyer & Voyer, 2014). It is only recently that this gender-based gap in
math performance has closed, indicating that stereotypes and cultural narratives
can have a strong role in influencing school performance.
Conversely, in Sweden, Jonsson (2014) investigated the cultural narratives
and stereotypes about boys that can negatively affect their performance in school.
Jonsson argues that there is a “master narrative” that boys in Sweden draw upon
which indicates how they ought to act in order to be perceived as cool and
popular. Working hard in school and getting good grades does not fit with the
rowdy, independent, and rebellious traits that this narrative promotes. This
cultural narrative is constructed and reproduced within individual schools, and
stereotypical characters emerge, such as the “relaxed, cool, and rowdy boy” and
the “ambitious school girl” (Jonsson, 2014, p.278). These stereotypes are
reinforced and largely unchallenged, even when students do not fit into these onedimensional characterizations.
Good students are characterized as doormats who are quiet, well-behaved,
subservient, and more likely to be female. Some of the boys Jonsson (2014)
interviewed noted that they were not brown nosers, and so they, “are unable to
Examine the issue as
it is experienced by
cultural insiders.
achieve higher grades […and] there is no point in studying more than they already
do” (p.287). From their perspective, they simply do not embody the right
characteristics to be good students, so there is no point in even trying. Jonsson
(2014) also tells the story of Daniel, who is seen as a rule-breaker and a poor
student. Daniel notes that he is often summoned to the principal’s office and
singled out for questioning. His classmates recognize that he is a “rowdy boy,”
but it doesn’t seem to gain him friends or popularity as the master narrative would
suggest. His classroom disruptions instead seem to give him an excuse for poor
performance in school; he just doesn’t care to conform to the rules.
Although boys and girls are not homogeneous groups, cultural stereotypes
play a role in socializing them into certain roles, normalizing certain behaviors to
the point where even teachers expect different behaviors based on the student’s
gender. Students both conform to and do not conform to this narrative, and
students’ behavior is sometimes contextualized within the expected role for the
student, as Daniel’s treatment by authority figures seems to reinforce his negative
behavior. Although many boys may fit into the stereotype of the “rowdy boy,”
from their perspectives, there are a variety of reasons to behave this way and
sometimes even conflicting desires to both do well in school and also not be seen
as a “doormat” or “brown noser” by their peers.
Remember to include a full reference entry at the end of your paper for
each source you have cited in this section.
The following is an example of a conclusion for this paper. You can use
this as a model to help you write your own conclusion, but you cannot
use this exact conclusion.
As shown throughout this paper, anthropology provides us with several tools that can be
used to overcome ethnocentrism. In approaching cultures from a perspective of cultural
relativism, we gain an understanding of the reasoning behind different cultural practices while
striving not to impose our own judgments or opinions. In taking an etic perspective on your own
culture, it is possible to gain an outsider’s view on practices that are deeply ingrained in our
enculturation, practices that often seem “normal” and “right” when compared to other cultures.
In examining higher education in America from an etic perspective, it is possible to see the
strengths and weaknesses specific to the American educational system, and it allows us to
question and critically examine this system based on the similarities and differences that exist
between our own and other educational systems. Similarly, taking an emic perspective on antischool culture among boys in Sweden helps us to see how cultural context and cultural narratives
affect education. Examining the problems found in other educational systems can help us to
better understand the cultural narratives, stereotypes, and underlying assumptions that operate in
our own educational system, and help us to see how our problems are both similar and different
to those found in other cultures. Taking an etic perspective on your own culture and an emic
perspective on another culture allows you to flip your viewpoint in order to counteract deeply
held beliefs about what is “normal” and what is “other.”
Helpful Tip: Use the conclusion to reiterate the major concepts and
topics that were first brought up in the introduction and then covered in
body of the paper. Provide a brief, self-reflexive analysis. Make sure all
parts of the paper are connected.
The following is an example of a references page for this paper. You can use
this as a model to help you write your own references page.
References
List your sources in alphabetical order
by the author’s last name.
BBC. (2011, November 9) Thousands march in student protest over university fees.
Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-15646709
Chopra, R. (2013, July 17). Student debt swells, federal loans now top a trillion. Retrieved from
http://www.consumerfinance.gov/newsroom/student-debt-swells-federal-loans-now-top-atrillion/
Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic version]. Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu/
Hudson, D. (2014, June 9). President Obama on student loan debt: “No hardworking young
person should be priced out of higher education.” Retrieved from
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/06/09/president-obama-student-loan-debt-nohardworking-young-person-should-be-priced-out-h
Izzo, P. (2014, May 16). Congratulations to class of 2014, most indebted ever. Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved from http://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2014/05/16/congatulations-toclass-of-2014-the-most-indebted-ever/
Jonsson, R. (2014). Boys’ anti-school culture? Narratives and school practices. Anthropology
and Education Quarterly, 45 (3), 276-292. Retrieved from the AnthroSource database.
Lindberg, S.M., Shibley Hyde, J., & Petersen, J.L. (2010). New Trends in gender and
mathematics performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1123-1135.
Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3057475/
Miner, H. (1956). Body ritual among the Nacirema. American Anthropologist, 58(3), 503–507.
Retrieved from https://www.msu.edu/~jdowell/miner.html
O’Shaunessy, L. (2014, October 3). Where to get a free college degree. Retrieved from
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/get-a-free-college-degree-passport-required/
U.S. Department of Education. (2012). Federal student aid strategic plan FY 2012-2016.
Retrieved from http://federalstudentaid.ed.gov/static/gw/docs/FiveYearPlan_2012.pdf
Voyer, D., & Voyer, S.D. (2014). Gender differences in scholastic achievement: A
meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1174-1204. Retrieved from
http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/bul-a0036620.pdf
ANT101 Week Five Final Paper Checklist
Introduction
Write an introductory paragraph that:
?
Sets up your topic, previews and summarizes the analysis you will present in the body of
the paper. Everything covered in your paper should relate back to the introduction and
thesis statement.
?
Ends with a thesis statement that clearly states what the main point of your paper will be.
?
Draw from what you learned while identifying thesis statements in the Week Two
Locating Scholarly Resources assignment to help you craft your own thesis
statement.
?
Review your instructor’s feedback on your thesis statement from your Week
Three Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper assignment.
Part I
Write two- to two-and-a-half pages that:
?
Describes an aspect of your own culture from an etic perspective. You chose this aspect of
culture on the Week 3 Worksheet assignment. You can describe American culture in
general or you can describe an American subculture, such as a specific geographical
group (e.g., New Yorkers), a particular ethnicity (e.g., African Americans), or an agerelated category of Americans (e.g., millennials).
?
Uses the article by Miner to guide your own description. How would an anthropologist
describe the topic you have chosen?
?
Uses the textbook.
?
Uses at least one reliable source to support your analysis. Review the ANT101: Evaluating
Sources tutorial from the Ashford Library for help choosing a reliable source.
?
Uses in-text citations every time you include information you learned from one of your
sources. Review the In-Text Citation Guide for help with this.
?
Demonstrates a culturally relativistic perspective. Do not use opinionated or judgmental
language.
Part II
Write two- to two-and-a-half pages that:
? Describes an aspect of another culture from an emic perspective. You chose this
aspect of culture on the Week 3 Worksheet assignment and you were assigned a
particular article based on the List of Topics.
?
Uses the assigned article to guide your description.
?
Uses in-text citations every time you include information you learned from one of your
sources. Review the In-Text Citation Guide for help with this.
?
Demonstrates a culturally relativistic perspective. Do not use opinionated or
judgmental language.
Conclusion
Write a concluding paragraph that:
?
Reinforces your thesis.
?
Summarizes and ties together your main points for the reader.
? Incorporates some of your self-reflexive analysis from the Journal entry you created in Week
Four.
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1xizkNJTR3oCgIJK_t_vTZzqcR7qkx_8ZZyPAJlH48Qk/
present?slide=id.g1096f407e3_0_141
Week Three Assignment Worksheet
1) Select one aspect of culture from the list. Once you’ve made your selection, please delete
all other options.
Gender
2) Select a source to use for Part I of the paper. You will be using your textbook and the
article by Miner for this part of the paper, but for this worksheet, include the source you
found through your own research. Review the tutorial on Evaluating sources and enter
your reference in the space below.
Reference entry in APA format:
Thompson, J. K., & Stice, E. (2001). Thin-ideal internalization: Mounting evidence for a new
risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current directions in
1
psychological science, 10(5), 181-183. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
3) Include the reference for Part II that corresponds to the topic you’ve chosen. Copy and
paste the reference entry from the table (e.g., if you chose Education, you would use the
article by Jonsson for Part II).
Becker. A. E. (2004). Television, disordered eating, and young women in Fiji: Negotiating body image and
identity during rapid social change. Culture, Medicine & Psychiatry, 28(4), 533-559. Retrieved
from the EBSCOhost database.
4) Summarize the main points from each of your sources. See this guide for help with
summarizing your sources.
Summary of your source for Part I (include one to two paragraphs…
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