What to do when we run out of water Source Evaluation I wrote an annotated bibliography about (will there be enough water in the future). I chose a source

What to do when we run out of water Source Evaluation I wrote an annotated bibliography about (will there be enough water in the future). I chose a source that I want to evaluate, the article is uploaded to this. the reference is:

Kelly, Paul. “What to Do When We Run Out of Water.” Nature Climate Change, vol. 4, no. 5, 2014, pp. 314–316., doi:10.1038/nclimate2211.

Source Evaluation:

The basic descriptions and conventions for this paper appear on p. 19-21 in Joining Academic Conversations. The required length is 4-5 pages (double line spacing, 12 pt. font). You should select a source from your annotated bibliography and write a detailed evaluation of its content, credibility and value When writing your paper, use the following organization:

1.Introduction- This section should provide your audience with an understanding of your purpose in evaluating the source. The title and author should be identified, and the basic criteria for evaluation should be established.

2. General Description-This section should provide your audience with a general overview of the source

3.Critical Comment-This is the evaluation section of your paper. You should provide detailed explanations of how your source does or does not meet your criteria. You will need to summarize, paraphrase and quote your source in order to provide specific examples to support your points.

3. Conclusion-In the conclusion, you should remind your audience of why this evaluation is important and establish whether or not this source will be a useful to you when you write your research paper.

4.Works Cited-Be sure to provide the citation for the source that you have evaluated. If you refer to any other sources in your paper, the citations for these sources should also be included. Use the space below to develop ideas for the source evaluation. OPINION & COMMENT | FOCUS
COMMENTARY:
What to do when we run out
of water
Paul Kelly
Climate change, alongside numerous other pressures, is having unprecedented effects on water
resources both globally and locally. Retailers need to implement a range of adaptation measures to
ensure the sustainability of supply chains.
T
water stress and risks. Consider for example
the dire droughts in the Brazilian coffee
belt, in Australia, Singapore and Malaysia
and more recently California, as well as the
intense floods we have recently had here
at home. For businesses, the risk of these
events means reduced resilience of supply
chains and potential losses from commodity
price hikes that follow sudden drops in
agricultural production. An example is the
2012 drought in the US that led to the lowest
maize annual yield since 2006, with widely
discussed potential consequences on global
food prices4.
We at ASDA, just like other businesses,
have to cope with the risks of more
DAVID TOUS DE MONER (SAF)
he established tendency to see water
everywhere as an endless resource is
being increasingly challenged in many
parts of the world, including here in the
UK. For too long, water has been taken for
granted and UK businesses rarely debate
the consequences of water mismanagement
at the regional and national levels. Climate
change is having impacts not only on the
hydrological cycle, resulting in increased
droughts and floods1, but also on vital
water resources and ecosystem services2,
such as the ability to regulate water quality
through sedimentation3. These pressures
imply that now, more than ever, we are
threatened by significant weather-related
From the sky. Overview of an irrigated field in La Mancha, Spain. Details of the soil pattern related to an
old drainage system are visible. Soil properties differ strongly within the irrigated pivot. The survey of the
soil differences is an important task for managing the irrigation schedule.
314
pronounced seasonal weather fluctuations.
In fact, our recent study (to be published
this year), in line with IPCC guidelines, has
shown that only 5% of our fresh produce
supply chain is not at risk from future impacts
of climate change. There are tangible business
incentives to urgently respond to these risks
and guarantee the long-term ability of the
food chain to meet market demand.
Addressing water risks
Maintaining global food security, feeding
growing populations and satisfying the
demand of water-intensive diets are all tasks
that will require significantly more water for
agriculture and food production activities
in coming years5. The ability to meet this
demand is at risk as water is increasingly
under threat from climate change and
population growth. From being handled as
an essential natural resource, water has now
become an economically strategic one. In
fact, water availability is one of businesses’
top-five environmental risks6.
Retailers are the core channel for the sale
of agricultural products and they therefore
depend on agricultural production. They
can only thrive as businesses if they
appropriately manage the dependencies
of their supply chains on water sources.
Food retailers are the major buyers of
agricultural products, the yields and quality
of which are directly affected by water
availability. At ASDA, we are becoming
increasingly aware that water presents a
number of physical, political and social
opportunities as well as barriers to food
access. Of all the environmental impacts
we are responsible for, 80% lie within our
supply chain, and analyses of product
life cycles and supply chains have clearly
highlighted the fundamental value of water,
both as a global good and as a core local
natural capital resource7.
There is a need to improve the
understanding of water impacts and
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 4 | MAY 2014 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
FOCUS | OPINION & COMMENT
dependencies at local levels, where the
impacts of water scarcity or water abundance
are directly felt. We also urgently need
metrics to develop robust assessments that
account for water’s temporal and spatial
dimensions, such that we can respond and
manage our supply chain risks accordingly.
We have recently been investigating our
choice of cropping given the changing
weather and climatic patterns, and we are
also assessing how better water management
may alleviate the pressures of climate change.
In 2011, we recruited a panel of 7,500 ASDA
customers — ‘Everyday Experts’ — with the
aim of gathering primary information on
customers’ thoughts about sustainability; we
have now reached 20,000 respondents. The
surveys revealed that the vast majority of
ASDA customers, regardless of their income,
age or gender, care about sustainability
and about where their food originates8. In
February 2014, 9,500 responded and 72%
had actively investigated where their food
had come from. Therefore, we came to the
conclusion that adequate water management
in our business is not just important to
enhance the resilience of supply chains
but it is also fundamental to maintain our
reputation as a sustainable business in the
market. Businesses face the challenge of
addressing these concerns and need to deal
with the growing pressures on water but
more generally on the planet’s natural capital.
The water–retailer relationship
The quantity and quality of crop yields rely
on a number of conditions including water
access, soil fertility, adequate climate, seeds
access, land availability and healthy terrestrial
fauna and flora. Regarding water access, the
production of agricultural commodities along
the food supply chain depends on the local
availability of water through precipitation
or irrigation. When water becomes scarcer
locally, it has knock-on consequences on
the retail industry. Therefore, it is in food
retailers’ best interests to invest in adequate
water stewardship to ensure the sustainability
of product supply chains.
At ASDA, we are examining our role in
water stewardship around the world and
throughout our supply chains. This serves to
pinpoint not only the physical factors that
define water access but also the social and
economic implications of water availability.
Production systems such as monocultures
that cultivate crops (for example, palm
oil and sugar cane) for global distribution
may benefit local communities with
employment and funding opportunities,
but are often reliant on over-exploited water
resources. Such systems therefore need
DAVID TOUS DE MONER (SAF)
Water and the consumers
To the soil. Detail of a sensor (Decagon Em50G) for soil moisture installed for the control of irrigation
water. Both remote sensing and soil-related techniques are essential for competitive crop management.
to be reconsidered and restructured. As
an example, a 2013 study has shown that
farmers’ poor land-management practices
in the case of maize production in the UK
has led to increased surface water runoff 9
that apparently contributed to the severity
of the recent flooding in the UK, as recently
reported in the news10. Indeed, the study 9
shows that three-quarters of the maize fields
in the southwest of the UK have contributed
to flooding. However, helping to reform
land-use and water-use systems is a difficult
task for retailers such as ASDA, which has
supply chains extending beyond the UK
and therefore comprising large amounts of
virtual water — the hidden flow of water due
to food or other commodities being traded
from one place to another 11. Acknowledging
the impacts and dependencies of products
sourced from overseas, whether from waterscarce or water-rich areas, is of the utmost
importance in today’s globalized systems.
Finding solutions
Businesses and other stakeholders in the
food sector need to work with farmers and
suppliers on water-related activities to ensure
current and future demand for produce is
met and to reduce their risk to supply-chain
disruption. At ASDA, for example, through
sourcing from International Procurement
and Logistics Limited (http://www.ip-limited.
com/), we launched a water-trickle scheme
for celery growers in Spain that provided
a water-spray kit to farmers with the aim
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 4 | MAY 2014 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
of ensuring a secure supply of product to
our stores. As demonstrated by the scheme,
retailers’ engagement with growers on water
projects can help growers achieve better
quality crops and higher yield. The success of
growers translates into increased resilience of
retailers as we can, in this case, source higher
quality celery at a lower cost because the
risk of volatile production level is reduced.
In Morocco, we worked with an important
citrus supplier on a project to convert
existing sprinkler practices to drip irrigation;
this resulted in a 60% reduction in water
usage. By adding automation to the system, a
further reduction of 40% was achieved.
We have learned that working in
collaboration with others to improve
water stewardship is a far more efficient
way to achieve change. Because water is
such a local issue and impacts on a variety
of stakeholders, working together shines
the light on who is most vulnerable and
where solutions can be implemented most
effectively. We have contributed to the
guidance on water stewardship developed in
collaboration with the Institute of Grocery
Distribution (IGD) — a not-for-profit
research and training institution that helps
the food industry to meet the needs of the
public. The initiative allowed stakeholders
at all levels of the food supply chain to
exchange ideas and increase awareness of
water as a scarce resource12. In the UK,
ASDA has partnered with Linking Farming
and the Environment (LEAF), a leading
315
OPINION & COMMENT | FOCUS
organization that promotes sustainable food
and farming, and with Molson Coors UK,
a brewing company. Processing companies
often set water efficiency targets. Molson
Coors UK have specifically set a challenging
goal of improving water efficiency by
20% by 2020. Together, ASDA, LEAF and
Molson Coors UK, produced easy-touse guidance for farmers on water saving
techniques13. Finally, at ASDA we have also
trialled rainwater harvesting at our depots
in Avonmouth, Bristol and Rochdale, and
upgraded the filters to reuse more water for
washing trays; these two plans combined
will reduce our own water consumption
by 50%7.
Working together
Initiatives that address water availability
and access across supply chains are key to
sustainability efforts and can reduce the risks
to our business. It is vital to engage with the
various stakeholders on the ground, such as
agribusiness, small scale farmers and local
governments, all of which have a vested
interest in water, to generate and implement
the most appropriate and effective solution.
Engaging with all facets and users of
water will alleviate pressures and the risks
from dependencies, even more so under the
impacts of climate change, but it requires
initial investment. The question is who
should make that investment and what will
the returns be? The financial burden might
need to be shared among many stakeholders
in a region, all of whom are feeling the
impacts on water and have incentives to
implement solutions. Retailers like ASDA
would consider financial investments
if the benefits are clearly identified and
achievable. The latter conditions will depend
on a combination of initiatives, including
adequate research, collaborations and
possibly even long-term retailer–farmer
relationships. A water-related investment
could potentially shield retailers from waterinduced market fluctuations and protect
against price hikes or from having to source
too often from more expensive options, for
example overseas. It will also reduce the
need to over-contract, which is currently
required to ensure that the quantity of
produce demanded by our customers is
delivered even when there is poor weather;
this adds to the transaction cost of the
produce. By supporting growers in better
water management, as we did in Spain for
example, retailers could also potentially
enhance retailer–farmer relationships.
Although we have a menu of
solutions to choose from, we lack the
coordinated response and innovative
financial mechanisms that would scale
up implementation of those solutions.
Moreover, we should address the long-term
implications of water impacts while dealing
with the short-term behaviour of investors
and businesses.
Businesses have been incredibly successful
and innovative in coping with water deficits
through contingency planning, but in
today’s world threatened by a weaker water
cycle under climate change and a growing
population, is this sufficient? We need to
work collectively to find solutions as this
would not only generate multiple benefits
at lower individual costs, but would also
define saving water as best practice and
provide strategic opportunities to address
climate change impacts on water. Given the
large number of water users, the growing
demand for water resources, the variety of
stakeholders involved and the increasing
intensity of climate change impacts,
collective action and shared solutions are
needed to alleviate the pressure on the
environment, business and communities. ?
Paul Kelly is at ASDA, ASDA House, Southbank,
Great Wilson Street, Leeds
LS11 5AD, UK
*e-mail: p6kelly@asda.co.uk
References
1. Wu, P. et al. Nature Clim. Change 3, 807–810 (2013).
2. Watts, G. & Anderson, M. A. Climate Change Score Card
(LWEC, 2013).
3. Schaafsma, M. & Cranston, G. E. Valu.A.Te: The Practical
Guide (University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability
Leadership, 2013); http://go.nature.com/Hgkvl1
4. Mardell, M. US corn price forecast to rise sharply. BBC News
Online (10 August 2012); http://go.nature.com/QT662E
5. Chartres, C. & Varma, S. Out of Water: from Abundance to
Scarcity and How to Solve the World’s Water Problems
(Pearson Education, 2011).
6. Global Risks 2014 (WEF, 2014); http://go.nature.com/8RviFa
7. Our Sustainability Story (ASDA, 2013);
http://go.nature.com/Iw7mcT
8. The Big Green Journey (ASDA, 2013); http://go.nature.com/D6jJjP
9. Palmer, R. C. & Smith, R. P. Soil Use and Manag.
29, 567–575 (2013).
10. Harrabin, R. Careless farming adding to floods. BBC News Online
(7 March 2014); http://go.nature.com/tUMxI3
11. Hoekstra, A. Y. & Chapagain, A. K. Water Res. Manag.
21, 35–48 (2007).
12. The Impact of Crisis on Water Stewardship in the UK
Food and Consumer Goods Industry (IGD, 2012);
http://go.nature.com/yp5YCB
13. Simply Sustainable Water: Six Simple Steps for Managing Water
Quality and Use on Your Land (ASDA, LEAF, Molson Coors,
2013); http://go.nature.com/fcK57n
COMMENTARY:
Making sustainable beer
Andy Wales
As global population continues to grow, managing the relationships between water, food and energy is
becoming increasingly critical. Businesses need to react to the challenge and be mindful of the important
role they play in implementing solutions.
W
ater and food security are
highly intertwined issues and
they ultimately depend on
the sustainable use of natural resources.
Looking ahead, sustainability is a big
challenge as the population continues
to grow; as does the demand for better
living standards. Added to the equation,
316
climate change is enhancing business
and societal risks through its impacts
on natural resources and the costs of
emissions mitigation targets. Both
effects call for integrated adaptation and
mitigation solutions — such as better water
management and lower energy use —
along the supply chains of products. In our
brewing business, we depend on natural
resources and, as we use them to produce
our beer, we inevitably impact on them.
Because we operate across continents, our
climate-related and resource-related risks
are huge. Therefore, we need to better
understand where and why risks increase
and what to do to address them. There is
NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE | VOL 4 | MAY 2014 | www.nature.com/natureclimatechange
© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without
permission.

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