West Coast University Ethical Issues Free Market Reproduction Reflection Paper this is a reflection paper. I will post the video and write your opinion ple

West Coast University Ethical Issues Free Market Reproduction Reflection Paper this is a reflection paper. I will post the video and write your opinion please see the attached file. and this is the video link:https://wetransfer.com/downloads/2a43e56e192958430… Medical Ethics
Accounts of
Ground-Breaking Cases
EIGHTH EDITION
Gregory E. Pence
University of Alabama at Birmingham
MEDICAL ETHICS: ACCOUNTS OF GROUND-BREAKING CASES, EIGHTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2017 by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Pence, Gregory E., author.
Title: Medical ethics: accounts of ground-breaking cases / Gregory E. Pence,
University of Alabama at Birmingham.
Other titles: Classic cases in medical ethics
Description: Eighth edition. | New York, NY: MHE, [2017] | Audience: Age:
18+ | Editions 1-5 published under: Classis cases in medical ethics. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016026704 | ISBN 9781259907944 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Medical ethics–Case studies.
Classification: LCC R724 .P36 2017 | DDC 174/.2–dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026704
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a
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Preface
This new edition retains in-depth discussion of famous cases, while providing
updated, detailed analysis of the issues those cases raise. Each chapter also focuses
on a key question that could be debated in class.
Unique to this text is a single, authorial voice integrating description of the cases
and their issues with historical overviews. The text is the only one that follows cases
over decades to tell readers what did and, often, what did not, happen. Written by
a professor who helped found bioethics and who has published in the field for 40
years, the text gives students a sense of mastery over this exciting, complex field.
After they have read the book, I hope that students will feel that they have learned
something important and that time studying the material has been well spent.
New to the 8th Edition
New research was added to each chapter, and a new list of topics to debate was
included on the inside cover of the book. Every chapter has been rewritten, tightened, and augmented; issues have been clarified. Highlights of the new edition are
outlined here.
A NEW CHAPTER ON ALCOHOLISM (and addiction): Conflicting views on causes
of alcoholism: Alcoholics Anonymous, neuroscience, Kant, genetics, social sciences,
Fingarette. Focus on the famous case of Ernie Crowfeather.
A MAJOR NEW CASE: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project: Is it the Tuskegee
Study of neuroscience? Research on vulnerable human populations?
A MAJOR NEW SECTON on research on people with schizophrenia, including
cases of patients harmed by such research.
Discussion of Ebola and Zika virus in AIDS chapter: How it has resembled our
responses to AIDS?
Discussion on CRISPR, the revolutionary method of changing genes that almost
any geneticist can use to change a species and its progeny.
Update on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Why it’s working
and what are its latest problems?
iii
ivPreface
Death and Dying: The case of Brittany Maynard; the case of Jahi McMath.
Comas: Update on cases of Terri Schiavo, Belgian coma patient Rom Houben,
and minimally conscious states.
Abortion: Updates on death of Kenneth Edelin, declining numbers of abortion
in America. New topics: Telemedicine and early-stage self-abortions, the Planned
Parenthood video controversy, US Supreme Court decision limiting TRAP (Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers) laws.
Assisted Reproduction: Updates on the Gosselins, McCaughey septuplets, IVF
clinics, mistaken swaps of embryos, outsourced surrogates, and foreigners using
American surrogates; a sperm donor meets eight of his children, right-to-life
groups file in court to protect frozen embryos; state surrogacy laws, Snowflake
(embryo adoption and its high costs), brighter chances for infertile women aged
30–40 of having IVF baby on late tries.
Stem Cells, Cloning, and Embyros: Updates on stem cells, battles over embryos
among divorced couples and right-to-life friends, mitochondria-swapping to
cure genetic disease (“a child with three parents”); hucksterism in selling stemcell therapies; continuing problems in cloning primates.
Impaired Babies and Americans with Disabilities Act: Update on “Baby Jane Doe”
Keri-Lynn, Marlise Munoz case; UAB’s controversial SUPPORT study on
­preemies, relevance to babies born with microcephaly from Zika virus.
Ethics of Research on Animals: Updates on the Great Ape Project, Edward Taub’s
work, legal protection for chimpanzees in research.
Transplants and Organ Allocation: Updates on numbers, costs, and outcomes,
especially for tracking bad outcomes of adult organ donors.
Genetics chapter: The pitfalls and promises of: personalized genetic testing and
Big Data, CRISPR, and testing for diseases with no treatments.
Chapter on Enhancement: New emphasis on relation of enhancements to people
with disabilities.
If you have suggestions for improvement, please email me at: pence@uab.edu.
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About the Author
Gregory E. Pence is professor and chair of the Department of Philosophy at the
University of Alabama at Birmingham. Between 1977 and 2011, he taught medical
ethics at the University of Alabama Medical School. He still directs its Early Medical School Acceptance Program.
In 2006, and for achievement in medical ethics, Samford University awarded
him a Pellegrino Medal. He testified about human cloning before committees of the
U.S. Congress in 2001 and the California Senate in 2003.
He graduated cum laude in Philosophy with a B.A. from the College of William and
Mary in 1970 and earned a Ph.D. from New York University in 1974, working mainly
under the visiting professor, Peter Singer.
In 2010, his UAB team was national champion of the Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl.
His teams won national championships of the Bioethics Bowl at Duke University in 2011
and Florida State University in 2015. At UAB, he has won both the Ingalls and President’s
Awards for excellence in teaching.
•
•
•
•
He has written six trade books, including Who’s Afraid of Human Cloning?
(1998), Re-Creating Medicine: Ethical Issues at the Frontiers of Medicine (2000),
Designer Food: Mutant Harvest or Breadbasket of the World? (2002), Cloning
after Dolly: Who’s Still Afraid? (2004), How to Build a Better Human: An Ethical Blueprint (2012), and What We Talk about When We Talk about Clone
Club: Bioethics and Philosophy in Orphan Black (2016).
He has edited four books of general essays, Classic Works in Medical Ethics
(1995), Flesh of My Flesh: The Ethics of Cloning Humans (1998), The Ethics of
Food: A Reader for the Twenty-First Century (2002), and Brave New Bioethics
(2004).
He has published over 60 op-ed essays in national publications: two each
in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Newsweek, and Chronicle of Higher
Education; one each in the Los Angeles Times, Atlanta Journal-Constitution,
and Philadelphia Inquirer; and 35 in the Sunday Birmingham News. His reader,
Brave New Bioethics, collects these essays from 1974 to 2002.
A full list of books by Gregory Pence is available through Connect.
vii
Acknowledgments
Several people helped in preparing the 8th edition of this text.
Users of this text also improved the new edition with their suggestions and
corrections. In particular, Charles Cardwell, Pellissippi State Community College in
Tennessee, and Jason Gray, who taught bioethics at UAB for two years, spotted
many errors and made many helpful suggestions, as did my colleagues Josh May
and Matt King. My research assistant Karan Jani wrote helpful summaries of the
Bucharest Early Intervention Project and CRISPR. Lillian Chien provided amazing
proofing at the last stage.
The ansrsource developmental editing, lead by Anne Sheroff and Reshmi
Rajeesh were the perfect editors and helped me take this text to a higher level. I
also appreciate the following reviewers for the eighth edition:
Brendan Shea, Rochester Community and Technical College, Minnesota
Sarah Schrader, University of California, Santa Cruz, California
viii
Brief Contents
Chapter 1
Good and Bad Ethical Reasoning; Moral Theories and Principles
Chapter 2
Requests to Die: Terminal and Nonterminal Patients
Chapter 3
Comas: Karen Quinlan, Nancy Cruzan, and Terri Schiavo
Chapter 4
Abortion: The Trial of Kenneth Edelin
Chapter 5
Assisted Reproduction, Multiple Gestations, Surrogacy, and Elderly
­Parents
109
Chapter 6
Embryos, Stem Cells, and Reproductive Cloning
Chapter 7
Impaired Babies and the Americans with Disabilities Act
Chapter 8
Medical Research on Animals
Chapter 9
Medical Research on Vulnerable Populations
196
Chapter 10 Ethical Issues in First-Time Organ Surgeries
221
Chapter 11 The God Committee
1
19
57
84
132
157
179
243
Chapter 12 Using One Baby for Another
264
Chapter 13 Ethical Issues in the Treatment of Intersex and Transgender
­Persons
284
Chapter 14 Involuntary Psychiatric Commitment and Research on People with
Schizophrenia
299
Chapter 15 Ethical Issues in Pre-Symptomatic Testing for Genetic Disease: Nancy
Wexler, Angelina Jolie, Diabetes and Alzheimer’s
325
Chapter 16 Ethical Issues in Stopping the Global Spread of Infectious Diseases:
AIDS, Ebola, and Zika
346
Chapter 17 Ethical Issues of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
367
Chapter 18 Ethical Issues in Medical Enhancement (and their effect on people with
Disabilities)
392
Chapter 19 Ethical Issues in Treating Alcoholism
405
ix
Contents
PREFACE
iii
1. Good and Bad Ethical Reasoning; Moral Theories and Principles
Good Reasoning in Bioethics
1
Giving Reasons
1
Universalization
2
Impartiality
3
Reasonableness
3
Civility
4
Mistakes in Ethical Reasoning
4
Slippery Slope
4
Ad Hominem (“To the Man”)
5
Tu Quoque (Pronounced “Tew-kwoh-kway”)
5
Straw Man/Red Herring
5
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (“After This, Therefore, Because of This”)
Appeal to Authority
6
Appeals to Feelings and Upbringing
7
Ad Populum
7
False Dichotomy (“Either-Or” Fallacy)
7
Equivocation
7
Begging the Question
8
Ethical Theories, Principles, and Bioethics
8
Moral Relativism
8
Utilitarianism
9
Problems of Utilitarianism
10
Kantian Ethics
11
Problems of Kantian Ethics
12
The Ethics of Care
12
Virtue Ethics
13
Natural Law
13
x
6
1
xi
Contents
Theories of Justice
15
Libertarianism
15
Rawls’s Theory of Justice
15
Marxism
16
Four Principles of Bioethics
16
Final Comment
18
Discussion Questions
18
Notes
18
2. Requests to Die: Terminal and Nonterminal Patients
The Case of Elizabeth Bouvia (1983–Present)
19
The Legal Battle: Refusing Sustenance
20
The Case of Larry McAfee (1985–1995)
24
The Case of Brittany Maynard (2013–2014)
26
Background: Perspectives on Dying Well
27
Greece and Rome
27
The Bible and Religious Views
28
Philosophers on Voluntary Death
28
The Nazis and “Euthanasia”
30
Hospice and Palliative Care
32
Dying in Holland
32
Jack Kevorkian
33
Dr. Anna Pou
34
Recent Legal Decisions
37
Oregon, 1994
37
Ancient Greece and the Hippocratic Oath
38
Ethical Issues
39
The Concept of Assisted Suicide
39
Misconceptions about Suicide
39
Rationality and Competence
40
Autonomy
41
Inadequate Resources and Poor Treatment
42
Social Prejudice and Physical Disabilities
43
Is Killing Always Wrong?
45
Killing versus Letting Die
46
Relief of Suffering
47
Slippery Slopes
48
Physicians’ Roles, Cries for Help, and Compassion
Mistakes and Abuses
50
Cries for Help
51
Further Reading and Resources
51
Discussion Questions
52
Notes
52
19
50
3. Comas: Karen Quinlan, Nancy Cruzan, and Terri Schiavo
The Quinlan Case
57
Pulling the Plug or Weaning from a Ventilator?
Substituted Judgment and Kinds of Cases
61
60
57
xiiContents
The Cruzan Case
61
The Terri Schiavo Case
64
Enter Lawyers and Politicians
65
What Schiavo’s Autopsy Showed
68
Ethical Issues
69
Standards of Brain Death
69
Chances of Regaining Consciousness from Coma and PVS
Terri’s Chances of Re-awakening
72
Compassion and Its Interpretation
73
Religious Issues
74
Nagging Questions
74
Disability Issues
75
Some Distinctions
75
Advance Directives
77
The Schiavo Case, Bioethics and Politics
78
Further Reading and Resources
78
Discussion Questions
79
Notes
80
4. Abortion: The Trial of Kenneth Edelin
70
84
Kenneth Edelin’s Controversial Abortion
84
Background: Perspectives on Abortion
88
The Language of Abortion
88
Abortion and the Bible
88
The Experience of Illegal Abortions
90
1962: Sherri Finkbine
90
1968: Humanae Vitae
91
1973: Roe v. Wade
91
Abortion Statistics
92
Ethical Issues
92
Edelin’s Actions
92
Personhood
92
Personhood as a Gradient
93
The Deprivation Argument: Marquis and Quinn on Potentiality
Viability
95
The Argument from Marginal Cases
96
Thomson: A Limited Pro-Choice View
96
Feminist Views
97
Genetic Defects
97
God Must Want Me to Be Pregnant, or Else I Wouldn’t Be
98
A Culture of Life or a Culture of Death?
98
Abortion and Gender Selection
99
Abortion as a Three-Sided Issue
99
Antiabortion Protests and Violence
100
Live Birth Abortions and How Abortions Are Done
100
Fetal Tissue Research
101
Emergency Contraception
101
Maternal versus Fetal Rights
102
94
xiii
Contents
Viability
103
The Supreme Court Fine-Tunes Roe v. Wade
Partial Birth Abortions
104
States Restrict Abortion Clinics
104
Self-Administered Abortion by Telemedicine
Further Reading
106
Discussion Questions
106
Notes
106
103
105
5. Assisted Reproduction, Multiple Gestations, Surrogacy, and Elderly
Parents
109
The Octomom and the Gosselins
109
Louise Brown, the First Test Tube Baby
110
Harm to Research from Alarmist Media
112
Later Developments in Assisted Reproduction
112
Sperm and Egg Transfer
113
Freezing Gamete Material
114
Ethical Issues
115
Payment for Assisted Reproduction: Egg Donors
115
Payment for Assisted Reproduction: Adoption
115
Paid Surrogacy: The Baby M and Jaycee Cases
116
Multiple Births: Before the Octomom and Gosselins
117
Older Parents
118
Gender Selection
119
Unnatural
119
Physical Harm to Babies Created in New Ways
121
Psychological Harm to Babies Created in New Ways
122
Paradoxes about Harm and Reproduction
122
Wronging versus Harming
123
Harm by Not Knowing One’s Biological Parents?
124
Is Commercialization of Assisted Reproduction Wrong?
124
Screening for Genetic Disease: A New Eugenics?
125
Designer Babies?
126
Assisted Reproduction Worldwide
126
Time to Regulate Fertility Clinics?
127
Conclusion
128
Further Reading
128
Discussion Questions
128
Notes
129
6. Embryos, Stem Cells, and Reproductive Cloning
Background on Embryonic Research, Cloning, and Stem Cells
Ethical Issues about Reproductive Cloning
140
Valuable from Conception
140
Potential for Personhood
140
Slippery Slopes
141
Reductio ad Absurdum
141
132
132
xivContents
The Interest View
142
Embryos and Respect
142
The Opportunity Cost of Missed Research
143
My Tissue
144
Moot?
144
Reproductive Cloning
144
Reproductive Cloning: Myths about Cloned Persons
144
Against the Will of God?
145
The Right to a Unique Genetic Identity
145
Unnatural and Perverse
146
The Right to an Open Future
146
Problems with Primate Cloning
147
The Spindle Problem
…
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