Walden University Racial Profiling & Discrimination Qualitative Research Interview While this exercise simulates the proposal development for conducting in

Walden University Racial Profiling & Discrimination Qualitative Research Interview While this exercise simulates the proposal development for conducting interviews, one way in which this is not a direct simulation is in the selection of participants. For your proposal, your intent will be to invite participants who are most likely to meet your criteria for inclusion. For this course, you are requested to invite people you know (i.e., family and friends) and exclude persons who you do not know and/or are in at-risk populations.
The IRB also provides an Informed Consent procedure for conducting your interviews. Use the “IRB Verbatim Informed Consent for Practice Interviews” document in the Learning Resources as an e-mail verbatim.
Because this is practice, it may be difficult to find participants who have experienced the phenomenon of interest. You can choose to ask your participants to pretend to have had relevant experience, or perhaps they can respond to the questions considering a similar or relevant personal experience. Remember, the purpose of this exercise is to get you familiar with the process.
BY DAY 3

In this week’s Workshop, visit your unique thread and post a response to the following:

Outline your proposed interview procedures, providing justification of each procedure included in your list. Be sure to consider and share your plan for the following:
Who you are considering interviewing
Incorporation of the exact verbiage provided by the IRB’s Office of Research and Compliance
The revised interview guide, which now includes the invitation, informed consent, introductory statement, the interview, and a concluding/closing statement
In which format to conduct the interview (e-mail, phone, or in person), with a justification for your choice and inclusion of appropriate sources (referring to articles)
Choosing and coordinating a peer debrief with one of your classmates, which can be by phone (preferably) or e-mail and will occur after you have collected your data

I have also attached my questions and study pool questions which I like better or could incorporate with revision. Hello,
I hope this note finds you well.
As you know, I am in the Walden PhD program. As part of my coursework, I’m practicing the
skills I need to develop and conduct qualitative research interviews. I’m seeking friends and
family members that could participate as “interviewees” for one of my course assignments.
Would you be interested in assisting?
The practice will include completing an Informed Consent statement (I’ll e-mail this to you); and
allowing me to [e-mail you a list of questions/interview by phone or in person]. The whole
process should take no more than 90 minutes of your time.
Please let me know if you would like to participate. The course has deadlines, so we’ll need to
begin the process by [date], and finish the interview by [date].
You can contact me by phone [your number], e-mail [your Walden e-mail address] if you have
any questions.
Office of Research and Compliance: IRB Requirements for Selecting Participants
Please note the following conditions for all COURSE-BASED data collection projects:
• Students may only interview adult family members or acquaintances. No strangers may be recruited for this training activity.
• Students may not seek out protected populations such as children, prisoners, residents of any facility, or mentally/emotionally disabled individuals for this
project unless they have obtained IRB approval using the standard full review process via forms found at the university’s IRB website (which takes a
minimum of 6 weeks). Note that this does NOT mean the student should ask the interviewee if s/he has a disability. The policy is simply that students may
not seek out protected populations for this training exercise. If a student wishes to practice an interview that is designed for a people in a protected class
(i.e., children), then the student will need to ask an adult friend to roleplay the part of the participant.
• Students are required to store their project data in electronic format (e.g., Word, Excel, SPSS, Nvivo, etc.) for the duration of their course and then must
dispose of the data at the time final grades are assigned.
• Students must de-identify the data as soon as is realistically possible to minimize risk of inappropriate disclosure of personal information. De-identification
consists of removing all direct identifiers such as names, addresses, or telephone numbers from the raw data and database. Students must take
precautions to not disclose to anyone else (including the instructor) any part of the data that is linkable to a participant’s identity.
• Payments, compensation, reimbursement, free services, or extra credit or other gifts may NOT be preferentially given to the project participants. This is to
ensure voluntary participation.
• Interview data generated by this training assignment is not eligible for inclusion in the dissertation or any other study.
1
Email-format Consent Form for Practice Interview (edits not permitted)
To be emailed to the invited interviewee:
You are invited to take part in an interview for a research course that I am completing as part of my doctoral program. The purpose of the interview is to help me
hone my interviewing and data analysis skills.
Interview Procedures:
I am requesting that you permit me to conduct an audio-recorded interview for about
minutes. Transcriptions of interviews will be analyzed as part of my
course. Copies of your interview recording and transcript are available from me upon request.
Voluntary Nature of the Interview:
This interview is voluntary. If you decide to take part now, you can still change your mind later.
Risks and Benefits of Being Interviewed:
Being in this interview would not pose any risks beyond those of typical daily life. There is no benefit to you.
Privacy:
Interview recordings and full transcripts will be shared with each interviewee, upon request. Transcripts with identifiers redacted will be shared with my university
faculty along with my analysis. The interview recording and transcript will be destroyed as soon as I have completed my course.
Contacts and Questions:
If you want to talk privately about your rights as an interviewee, you can call Dr. Leilani Endicott. She is the Walden University representative who can discuss this
with you. Her phone number is 612-312-1210.
Please share any questions or concerns you might have at this time. If you agree to be interviewed as described above, please reply to this email with the words,
“I consent.”
1
FORUM : QUALITATIVE
S O C IA L R ES EA RC H
S O ZIA LFO RS C HU N G
Volume 7, No. 4, Art. 11
September 2006
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
Raymond Opdenakker
Key words:
Abstract: Face-to-face interviews have long been the dominant interview technique in the field of
interviews,
qualitative research. In the last two decades, telephone interviewing became more and more com-
computer
mon. Due to the explosive growth of new communication forms, such as computer mediated com-
mediated com-
munication (for example e-mail and chat boxes), other interview techniques can be introduced and
munication (CMC),
used within the field of qualitative research.
face-to-face
interview, e-mail
For a study in the domain of virtual teams, I used various communication possibilities to interview
interview, MSN
informants as well as face-to-face interviews. In this article a comparison will be made concerning
messenger
the advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face, telephone, e-mail and MSN messenger inter-
interview,
views. By including telephone and MSN messenger interviews in the comparison, the scope of this
telephone
article is broader than the article of BAMPTON and COWTON (2002).
interview
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Four Interview Techniques
2.1 Face-to-face interviews: Synchronous communication of time and place
2.2 Telephone interviews: Synchronous communication of time, asynchronous communication of
place
2.3 MSN messenger interviews: Synchronous communication of time, asynchronous
communication of place
3. Summary
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Author
Citation
1. Introduction
KVALE (1983, p.174) defines the qualitative research interview as “an interview,
whose purpose is to gather descriptions of the life-world of the interviewee with
respect to interpretation of the meaning of the described phenomena”. Collecting
these descriptions can be done in several ways, of which face-to-face interviews
are the most common. Besides Face-to-Face (FtF) interviews, interviewing by
telephone is popular too. But also interviewing using the Internet is rising. Due to
developments in computer technology, all kinds of computer mediated communication (CMC) tools have been developed. With CMC is meant: a process
where messages are electronically transferred from a sender to one or more
recipient(s), both in synchronous (in real time) and in asynchronous (independent
© 2006 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/
Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research (ISSN 1438-5627)
FQS 7(4), Art. 11, Raymond Opdenakker:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
from time and place) setting. Examples of tools used for CMC are e-mail and chat
boxes (as MSN messenger), which also can be used for interviews. [1]
The experiences with the four mentioned interview techniques were gained during
my research of EU funded virtual teams, from which team members were
dispersed all over Europe. I tried to conduct as much FtF interviews as possible in
the first place, but due to time and financial constraints this was not always
possible. Also doing research on virtual teams, where FtF communication has
decreased in favour of other forms of communication, paved the way for me to
use other interview techniques. Although it would have been likely to establish
telephone interviews, not all interviewees were in favour of it. As one interviewee
remarked “We can do it (the interview) by an Instant Messaging tool as well. If it
takes an hour, I think it will be better and less disturbing for my colleagues”. The
focus of this research was semi-structured interviews. [2]
In this article four types of interview techniques will be compared: FtF interviews,
telephone interviews, MSN messenger interviews, and e-mail interviews. The
focus of this article is concentrated on the ways in which the four interview
techniques differ from each other, thus highlighting the advantages and
disadvantages. Whenever possible, the experiences from my own interviews are
mentioned. [3]
2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Four Interview Techniques
When comparing the four interview techniques, the differences in advantages
and disadvantages are on one hand related to their differences on the
dimensions synchronous communication in time and/or space and asynchronous
communication in time and/or space. Table 1 presents the four interview
techniques related to these dimensions.
Synchronous
communication
Time
Place
FtF
FtF
MSN messenger
Telephone
Asynchronous
communication
E-mail
E-mail
MSN messenger
Telephone
Table 1: The four interview techniques divided by synchronous/asynchronous
communication in time and/or space [4]
FtF interviews are characterised by synchronous communication in time and
place. MSN messenger and telephone interviews are characterised by
synchronous communication in time, but asynchronous communication in place.
E-mail interviews are characterised as asynchronous communication in time and
© 2006 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/
FQS 7(4), Art. 11, Raymond Opdenakker:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
place. One could argue that MSN messenger and telephone interviews are
characterised by synchronous communication in cyberspace. As cyberspace is
defined as “the noplace” (MORSE, 1998), communication in a virtual place brings
with it other advantages and disadvantages than communication in a real place,
as in FtF interviews. Therefore with synchronous communication of place is
meant a real place, and not a virtual place. [5]
On the other hand advantages and disadvantages of the four interview
techniques are related to the technology used. [6]
2.1 Face-to-face interviews: Synchronous communication of time and place
As already mentioned, FtF interviews are characterised by synchronous
communication in time and place. Due to this synchronous communication, as no
other interview method FtF interviews can take its advantage of social cues.
Social cues, such as voice, intonation, body language etc. of the interviewee can
give the interviewer a lot of extra information that can be added to the verbal
answer of the interviewee on a question. Of course the value of social cues also
depends on what the interviewer wants to know from the interviewee. If the interviewer is seen as a subject, and as an irreplaceable person, from whom the
interviewer wants to know the attitude towards for example the labour union, then
social cues are very important. When the interviewer interviews an expert about
things or persons that have nothing to do with the expert as a subject, then social
cues become less important (EMANS, 1986). On the other hand this visibility can
lead to disturbing interviewer effects, when the interviewer guides with his or her
behaviour the interviewee in a special direction. This disadvantage can be diminished by using an interview protocol and by the awareness of the interviewer of
this effect. [7]
In FtF interviews there is no significant time delay between question and answer;
the interviewer and interviewee can directly react on what the other says or does.
An advantage of this synchronous communication is that the answer of the
interviewee is more spontaneous, without an extended reflection. But due to this
synchronous character of the medium, the interviewer must concentrate much
more on the questions to be asked and the answers given. Especially when an
unstructured or semi structured interview list is used, and the interviewer has to
formulate questions as a result of the interactive nature of communication.
WENGRAF (2001, p.194) even speaks of “double attention”, which means
“that you must be both listening to the informant’s responses to understand what he
or she is trying to get at and, at the same time, you must be bearing in mind your
needs to ensure that all your questions are liable to get answered within the fixed
time at the level of depth and detail that you need”. [8]
FtF interviews can be tape recorded, of course with the permission of the
interviewee. Using a tape recorder has the advantage that the interview report is
more accurate than writing out notes. But tape recording also brings with it the
danger of not taking any notes during the interview. Taking notes during the
© 2006 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/
FQS 7(4), Art. 11, Raymond Opdenakker:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
interview is important for the interviewer, even if the interview is tape recorded:
(1) to check if all the questions have been answered, (2) in case of
malfunctioning of the tape recorder, and (3) in case of “malfunctioning of the
interviewer”. In one interview I conducted I should have taken notes because I
had forgotten to push the “record” button. Another disadvantage of tape recording
the interview is the time a transcription of the tape recording consumes. BRYMAN
(2001) suggests that one hour of tape takes five to six hours to transcribe. [9]
The synchronous communication of time and place in a FtF interview also has the
advantage that the interviewer has a lot of possibilities to create a good interview
ambience. In other words the interviewer can make more use of a standardisation
of the situation. On the other hand this synchronous communication of time and
place can bring with it a lot of time and costs. Interviewing an interviewee in a
place some 200 kilometres away will take a whole day, including travelling and
interviewing. It can even take more days, when the interviewee is ill and didn’t or
couldn’t reach the interviewer in time to cancel the interview. Also the costs, i.e.
travelling costs, can become very high in this way. Doing research by using FtF
interviews, which have to be held all over the globe, as for example is the case
when doing research in the domain of virtual teams, takes a lot of effort, time and
costs, and is therefore almost impossible for one researcher. [10]
The last advantage of this interview method is that termination of a FtF interview
is easy, compared to other interview methods. In the interaction between
interviewer and interviewee enough clues can be given that the end of the
interview is near, for example by shuffling the papers and turning off the tape
recorder. An explicit way to terminate the interview is by thanking the interviewee
for cooperation and asking him or her if there are further remarks that might be
relevant to the topic or the interview process. This can lead to an emergent of a
whole new area of information (WENGRAF, 2001). [11]
2.2 Telephone interviews: Synchronous communication of time,
asynchronous communication of place
Due to the asynchronous communication of place, one of the advantages of
telephone interviewing is the extended access to participants, compared to FtF
interviews. MANN and STEWART (2000) make a distinction in the following
categories:
•
Wide geographical access. People from all over the globe can be interviewed
—of course if they have access to telephone or computer. FtF interviewing
can be very expensive and takes too much time.
•
Hard to reach populations. It enables researchers to contact populations that
might be difficult to work with on an FtF basis for example mothers at home
with small children, shift workers, computer addicts and people with
disabilities.
© 2006 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/
FQS 7(4), Art. 11, Raymond Opdenakker:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
•
Closed site access. It is a possible means of access to people on sites, which
have closed or limited access (such as hospitals religious communities,
prisons, the military, and cults).
•
Sensitive accounts. Some personal issues are so sensitive that participants
might be reluctant to discuss them FtF with an interviewer.
•
Access to dangerous or politically sensitive sites. With telephone, interviewers
can interview people living or working in war zones, or sites where diseases
are rife, without needing to grapple with the danger—and the bureaucracy—of
visiting the area. [12]
Although the interviewer can interview people that are not easy to access, one of
the disadvantages of asynchronous communication of place by telephone is the
reduction of social cues. The interviewer does not see the interviewee, so body
language etc. can not be used as a source of extra information. But social cues
as voice and intonation are still available. Although social cues are reduced,
enough social cues remain for terminating a telephone interview without a
problem. [13]
Another disadvantage of asynchronous communication of place is that the
interviewer has no view on the situation in which the interviewee is situated.
Because of this the interviewer has lesser possibilities to create a good interview
ambience. FtF interviews can make more use of a standardisation of the
situation. Due to this lessened possibility to create a standardisation of the
situation with telephone an extra disadvantage is that the interviewee can stay
“visible” for other employees and managers in the organisation. As I experienced
for example the interviewee was called away by his manager, so the interview
had to be stopped abruptly. [14]
As in FtF interviews synchronous communication of time implies that interviewer
and interviewee can directly react to what the other says. This also leads to the
advantage that the interviewee is more spontaneous in his response and does
not deliberate too long. But on the other hand, the interviewer has to concentrate
much more on the questions that need to be asked and the answers given. [15]
Another advantage of synchronous communication of time concerning telephone
interviews is, as in FtF interviews, the interview can be tape recorded. Tape
recording a telephone interview depends on the equipment. A speakerphone is
recommended (BURKE & MILLER, 2001). As with FtF interview the telephone
interview is also time consuming due to the fact that the tape has to be
transcribed. [16]
2.3 MSN messenger interviews: Synchronous communication of time,
asynchronous communication of place
As with telephone interviews, due to the asynchronous communication of place,
one of the advantages of MSN messenger interviewing is the extended access to
participants, compared to FtF interviews (COOMBER, 1997). Although the
© 2006 FQS http://www.qualitative-research.net/fqs/
FQS 7(4), Art. 11, Raymond Opdenakker:
Advantages and Disadvantages of Four Interview Techniques in Qualitative Research
interviewer can interview people that are not easy to access, one of the
disadvantages of asynchronous communication of place by MSN messenger is
the absence of social cues. The lack of some elements, as intonation, can be
filled up with the use of emoticons. Before the users were able to create simple
emoticons with a normal keyboard, for example a “smiley” could be made as “: )”.
Nowadays the keyboard gives the opportunity to create more advanced
emoticons “☺”. This is also the case with MSN messenger, where professionally
developed emoticons can be put straight into a message.
Diagram 1: Examples of emoticons [17]
The emoticons have been culturally stipulated however, and reflect culturally
specific meanings. MO…
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