University of California Los Angeles Non Verbal Communication Paper Hi, how are you doing?Please read the Requirement attached and write the paper based th

University of California Los Angeles Non Verbal Communication Paper Hi, how are you doing?Please read the Requirement attached and write the paper based the class materials (ppt) attached. The Face
Let’s talk about our own experience
of facial expressions…
-what are the worst, most unattractive facial
expressions?
-what expressions do you find most attractive?
-do you have any personal “display rules” when it
comes to facial expressions?
-what is the face that you use to mask other
emotions? What is your least reliable mask?
-what facial expressions have you inherited from
your family?
-is there a key audience that may have affected
how you express through your face?
-what would be some typical expressions of
celebrities?
-what expressions are the most contextually
specific?
-If display rules are decided by culture, what
are some of our culture’s rules? What, for
example, are the rules at a funeral, a wedding,
opening presents on Christmas, realizing you
haven’t won an award in a public forum?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL94SBD1
Adc
Key points:
-audience is always with us (expressions are not
only for social situations)
-communication is not the same as revelation
-facial expressions are fluid (need to always
consider what comes before and after)
-emotions and their matching expressions are
complex
-consider that emotions are families of emotions,
and watch the flow
Watch Melania here:

-we trust facial expressions more than the
spoken word…we were never taught how to
communicate with our faces (or were we?)
-they not only convey emotion, but important
social information as well (ie. moral disgust)
-consider difference between posed and
spontaneous expressions (truth tellers are freer)
-positive expressions help in social situations across
the board (education to legal to professional)
-we respond positively to smiles and are hyper
sensitive to angry faces
-less expressive faces probably come from less
expressive parents, including those depressed or
alcoholics
-expressiveness may depend on the words
available to us. Language shapes our
understanding of facial expressions
Always consider contributing factors, and
context: power distance, individualistic
cultures, collectivist cultures, gender etc.
U of T study: Can you spot the rich
face?
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3172
52320_The_Visibility_of_Social_Class_From_
Facial_Cues
Respondents were right 53% of time
Two groups (under $60,000/yr and over 100,
000)
A small smile changes the perception (mouth
not eyes)
Attractiveness was linked to wealth
Ekman (and Friesen’s) faces
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Nonverbal cues used to communicate
emotion.
e.g. smiles, frowns, signs of boredom
•Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen identified
six facial expressions that appear across
cultures: anger, disgust, fear, happiness,
sadness, and surprise.
•Although cultures may differ in when and
where people display the emotions, all
cultures include these emotions in their
repertoire (as Darwin suggested!).
Ekman’s faces
-The seven emotions universally expressed: fear,
anger (cheeks, mouth, brows and forehead), surprise,
disgust, contempt, sadness, and happiness. (Ekman
and Friesen)
-different contexts (like driving) create different
emotional displays
-men display more negative emotions than women.
Women smile more often.
-SADFISH: sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest,
surprise, happiness
display rules: we might deinstensify, or
overintensify, or mask. The rules are shared
(so…its not necessarily lying?), and may not be
spoken.
Four types, according to Ekman: Vocational,
personal, cultural, the need of the moment
-facial blends
-facial emblems (OMG!)
Display styles
A person’s own display style: witholder, revealer,
unwitting expressor (leakage), blanked
expressor, substitute expressor (the face shows
an unintended expression—we’re not showing
what we think we’re showing), frozen-affect
People will qualify, modify, or falsify something
said, with a facial expression
-we look for consistency in the emotions that are
presented in the face. Makes it feel genuine.
-to Ekman, the face is a clear “readout” of
emotions. Certain emotions always lead to a
certain facial expression. The research shows
that this might be only mainly true when we are
with friends.
micromomentary facial expressions
micromomentary facial expressions (Haggard
and Isaacs, 1966). When does a person’s face
briefly change? Reveal true emotions but are
repressed. Good lie detectors study these, for a
long time, and are hyper sensitive to tiny
gestures.
the cry face, the glare, the grimace, the play
face, the pout
conversational signals
Types of facial codes
iconic codes: signals that look like their referents
arbitrary codes: they mean what we want them to
mean
intrinsic codes: biologically inherited
motor mimicry: displaying what another person is
feeling
audience affects: this changes how readily we
express ourselves. May even happen when we
are alone. (the imagined presence)
Codes cont’d
basic ecology theory (Fridlund, 1994/97) facial
expressions are virtually never simply
emotional and are, instead, always enacted
for social purposes
-Affect blends: conveying two emotions at the
same time.
Some other typical expressions
KEY expressions:
Contempt: slight tightening and raising of the
corner of the lip on one side
Threat: v-shaped brows, wide eyes, open mouth,
and down-turned mouth
Anxiety: increased blinking, horizontal mouth
stretch, fear signs, more facial movements
overall
Pride: small smile, head tilted back slightly,
expanded posture, hands on the hips
Embarrassment: looking down, shifting the eyes,
turning head away, touching the face, controlled
smiles (smiles a person tries to counter with
other facial movements
FACS
-FACS: facial action coding system, distinguishes
on the basis of 1) muscle appearance change, 2)
muscle capability for independent action, 3)
feedback circuits that allow us to be aware of our
own facial movement.
-females, especially extroverted ones, were
better at encoding and decoding non-verbal
messages
-women are better at eye contact
Parts of the face and its 43 muscles
-different parts of our face do different things:
open or close channels of communication (open
mouths ready to talk, a smile of appeasement);
complement or qualify other behaviour (a smile,
wink), replace spoken messages (facial
emblems, dropping your jaw, widened eyes for
“wow”),
-zygomatic major (the muscle that stretches out
the lips when smiling) matched with orbicularis
oculi muscle (which gives crows feet around
eyes)
Paralanguage (Vocalics)
Right off the bat! Let’s discuss!

Consider where the accent is put:
1. He’s giving this money to his sister.
2. He’s giving this money to his sister.
3. He’s giving this money to his sister.
4. He’s giving this money to his sister.
5. He’s giving this money to his sister.
6. He’s giving this money to his sister.
Para-wha?
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Component of meta-communications concerned with how
something is said
Also called ‘vocalics’ (non-verbal messages of the voice
to add meaning to our verbal communication)
People normally use paralanguage multiple times per day
and are sometimes not even aware of it
We understand the non-lexical features of speech before
we even know word definitions and usages
Includes both the intentional and unintentional meanings
behind words
– Tone is more important than gestures when
ascertaining how one feels about something spoken
(Mehrabian 1967)
-Children rely more on verbal, adolescents, on a mix,
and adults on non-verbals for interpretation. (Morton
and Trehub 2001)
-vocal cues help us to understand the retain
information
-vocal cues help with persuasion (pitch variation, fewer
pauses, faster speech, fluency)
What do these emotions sound like?
-tired
-aggressive
-happy/boppy
-depressed
-bored
-firm/confrontative
-selling something
-macho
Questions:
How would your friends describe your speech?
How would you describe someone else’s speech?
What are the things that make someone’s
voice/speech either attractive or unattractive?
George L. Trager
Qualities of Paralanguage
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Qualities can include:
How we pronounce words (Pronunciation)
How clear the words are (Articulation)
What intensity we speak with (Loudness)
Range of the voice in conversation (Pitch)
How long the sound is (Duration)
Rate of speech (Regularity)
Absence of sound (silence)
A speaker’s timber, tone, etc. (Quality)
Voice Qualities
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Modifications of the voice
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Trager identified 8 Vocal qualities that include:
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Pitch range (high vs low)
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Vocal/lip control (ie. hoarseness or raspiness)
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Glottis control (amount of air passing through throat)
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Articulation control (are the sounds precise and clear?)
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Tempo control (rate of voice. ie 125 wpm for American)
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Resonance (amount of reverberation in the head cavity)
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Rhythm control (smooth, sing-song, jerky)
Vocalizations
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Vocal Characterizers: sounds that stand alone as symbols
(i.e laughing, crying, yelling, etc.)
Voice Qualifiers: temporary variations in pitch, volume
and rate of speech
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Intensity
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Pitch height
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Duration
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Vocal Segregates: fillers, meaningless words or sounds that
are used to fill a pause (i.e. “um…”, “err…”, “actually…”)
Vocal functions
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Vocalics exist as a small ‘window of presence’
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Includes:
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Identification and self-presentation
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Controlling interaction
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Relationships with other interactants
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Display of cognitive and affective information
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Deception
My Fair Lady
Can you change one’s status by changing their
manners and accent?
Why Can’t the
English?https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAY
UuspQ6BY
Pronunciation:

Accents and Dialects
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Three basic dimensions determine how we evaluate
others’ dialects (Mulac, 1976)
sociointellectual status (occupation, income, etc.)
-see Rex Murphy
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aesthetic quality (pleasing/displeasing accent)
-see Judy Dench
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dynamism (aggressiveness, loudness of voice)
We prefer accents that are closer to our own, perceived as
more rewarding
Accents and dialect
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Accents and dialects can shape our perceptions of people
(first impressions)
We tend to slow our speech and raise our voice when talking
to someone who’s first language is not English
–> Sometimes can be unintentional

We use vocalics to regulate conversation
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Turn requesting (“I…I”, rapid nv responses, uh-huh)
Turn-yielding cues (question, drop pitch, drawl on last
syllable, “ya know”,
Turn-maintaining cues (increasing volume, increasingly
filling pauses, decreasing silence,
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Turn-denying cues
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Pauses
Turn-taking cont’d
Socioeconomic class variables in turn-taking
Conclusions (Robbins, Devoe & Wiener, 1978):
1.) working class speakers emit unfilled pauses and open
inflection behaviours significantly more often
2.) Middle class speakers emit filled pauses and downward
inflection behaviours significantly more often
3.) Working class speakers emit greater variation of
ambiguous regulators
4.) Middle class speakers initiate continuous regulators
significantly more often
Relationship of interactants
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Relationships can be on several levels, those of interest on
the vocal level: attraction, influence, credibility and
emotion
Attraction, influence and credibility
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People are more socially attractive when their speech
matches our own
Relational vocal cues could provide indicators of
attractiveness, composure, extroversion, influence
(Hickson & Stacks, 1991)
Emotion
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Role of voice in the process of emotion is significant
Eight vocal characteristics are associated with how emotions
are displayed (Scherer, 1979):
Amplitude variation: moderate/extreme
Pitch variation: moderate/extreme
Pitch level: high/low
Tempo: slow/fast
Duration: round/sharp
Filtration: low/ moderate/ extreme
Tonality: atonal/tonal-major
Rhythm: rhythmic/not rhythmic
Extroversion: fluency, fewer pauses, easier switches,
faster rate, louder speech, more contrast, and more
variable pitch. Also: more words and more
speaking time.
Masculine: poorer enunciation, less expressive,
lower pitch, slower, louder (Lippa 1998)
Women with lower voices were perceived as more
dominant (Borkowska and Pawlowski, 2011)
Voice Types (and attributions)
Breathy: sexy, spacy, artistic?
Tense: anxious, less intelligent, high-strung?
Nasal: whiny, argumentative
Flat: bored, sluggish, aloof
Thin: immature, emotional,
Throaty: sophisticated, careless, older
What else do we tell from voice:
-sex
-age
-social class or status
-characteristics of recipients
-emotions (ie. anxiety)
Deception
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The more questions asked, the easier (or more likely) it
becomes to catch the deception
As a culture, we are fascinated with lying and notion of
deception
General conclusion: much more can be found out about
lying through the use of verbal communication, but nonverbal cues can also combined
–> non verbal cues are more accurate than verbal
Two truths and one lie
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Think of two things that are true about yourself and one
thing that is a lie
Turn to your neighbour (whether on your left or your
right)
Say these three things to your neighbour, and they will
have to guess which of the statements is a lie, do the
same for your neighbour
Keep in mind what cues you used to detect the lie
10 min and then we will discuss briefly as a class
How were you able to tell?
Where there any cues?
Speech and biases
We don’t generally rate our own regional dialect as
attractive.
General American speech is rated higher than
Southern or New England speech.
People speaking with a New York accent were rated
as more dynamic and competent.
Note: the effect of dialect on a receiver’s judgment
are short-term. Can you think of some speech
patterns that break expectations (ie. Arnold
Schwartzenager).
Friends
My Fair Lady
Ron Perlman breaks down Donald Trump’s speech
patterns.
Body Language Ghost Mueller/Nadir press
conference.
EYES and LYING
“No mortal can keep a secret. If his lips are
silent, he chatters with his fingertips.”
-Sigmund Freud
Questions
How do you use gaze?
Can you look at the eye region of someone
you’re speaking with?
Why do those “of higher status” gaze more?
What about gaze and someone with a physical
disability? Do you look? Do you not look, to be
polite?
What do these mean?
Shifty-eyed
See eye to eye
Eye candy
That’s an eye-opener
My eyes popped out of my head
A feast for the eyes
Key points
-we gaze at things that are more rewarding,
we look away from things we don’t like
-if we cannot see people’s eyes when
communicating, communication is strained at
best
-gaze is a part of a network of other behaviours
-more gaze can signify a confrontative
relationship. Unhealthy couples show eye
contact when criticizing or “commanding” but
don’t show eye contact when affirming.
-gaze by hostility or affection is longer.
-gaze aversion is seen as unfavourable in an interview
setting. Suggests a lack of confidence.
-gaze brings a responsibility to interact. If you’re hiding
something… you don’t want to
-”turning a blind eye”: related to cultural display rules.
We turn away, especially when we are embarrassed
for the other person.
What are the things we are not supposed to
notice/look at (ie. suffering, distress, embarassing
behaviour). We look away from negative physical
characteristics
Pupil Size:
people who have larger pupils were seen as more
attractive.
pupils can also dilate because of alcohol or drug use
pupils shrink when one is thinking up the lie and they
dilate when one is actually lying.
Terms:
Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements: When
asked a numerical question, our gaze suggests
which side is dominant. Looking left indicates
right dominance. Men tend to look look to the
right, indicating left-brain. Women tend to go the
other way. NOTE: gaze is directly linked to
what is going on cognitively—how we are
processing information.
-eye contact: not necessarily eye to eye
-gaze avoidance: intentional avoidance of eye
contact.
-gaze and mutual gaze (intense look directly
at someone else’s eyes)
-we look away to access mental information
-in our gaze we examine different parts of the
face to make sure we’ve understood
-we use other people’s eyes for feedback of all
sorts
-dominant behaviour is seen in people who
gaze more at the person
-visual dominance ratio: how long you look at
someone while speaking
-“visual egalitarianism”: all members of a
group are being looked at equally
-leakage: unintended betrayal of feeling the
person is trying to conceal
-gaze cuing: when we look in the direction of
someone else’s gaze
-morphology: temporal changes in facial musculature.
People trying to lie work harder at this. Mouth and lips
more than eyes, eyelids and forehead.
-timing: Ekman and Friesen… the speed with which
the emotion occurs after the event, as well as the lengt
of duration and how gradually the expression shifts to a
neutral display or expression of another feeling
-location: where the expression occurs in the
conversational stream. If, for example, a person
displays happiness in a sad moment, or severe
anger over something that doesn’t require it. This is
leakage.
-microexpressions: they last under a second’s
duration.
Functions:
regulatory: responses may be demanded or
supressed by looking
-opens and closes channels of communication
-turn taking
-gaze cuing effect
-we are obligated now to interact
-“civil inattention norm” we acknowledge but
don’t want to interact
-gives backchannel response
-helps maintain significant relationships
monitoring: checking if we’ve been understood
-gives feedback
-influences and persuades
-defines power and status
-physicians are more effective if they actually
watch their patients
-monitoring others during group discussions
cognitive: we look away to figure something out
expressive: our look shows emotional arousal
-indicate degree of attentiveness/interest
-assumes central role in impression
management
All of these (regulatory, monitoring, cognitive and
expressive) are influenced by: distance, physical
characteristics, personal characteristics and
personality, self-esteem,
Measuring eye movement by…
Frequency: number of times you look at a
conversational partner
Total duration: number of seconds you look at
someone
Proportion of time: percentage of total interaction
time spent looking at or away
LYING
We lie to get along in society
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A liar wants to convince us, to “manage our
perception”. The liar wants us to believe a
good narrative.
Important to note what question or statement
has triggered the significant response
Duping delight: when we can’t help but show
a slight smile because we are convincing the
other person of our lie.
Lying
-people that are confident and charismatic are
better at lying
-fewer crimes are committed by introverts
-when we lie we avoid eye contact, adaptors
increase (ie. As blood vessels constrict for fight
or flight), more time between a question and a
response. Also look for speech rate, speech
errors, pitch variation, response latencies, and
pauses.
-voice pitch may go up, but there is a lack of
purposive, genuine expressions throughout the
body.
Bourgoon, Knapp and Miller (1994) On LYING
-reluctance indicators: someone wants to pull
away from the situation
-uncertainty indicators: someone is unsure of
him/herself and hesitates a lot before saying
anything
-incongruous answers, or different
answers. tend to offer few details (we have
less familiarity with the lie than with the truth,
so this takes more cognitive energy.
(online we may end up using far more words
because we can edit and we want to manage
the conversation.)
-liars use fewer first-person pronouns (Newman
et al…
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