The 1917 Russian Revolution the Romanov Dynasty & the German Imperial Rule Essay (Great English is a must!! No grammar errors!) (Paraphrase the paper atta

The 1917 Russian Revolution the Romanov Dynasty & the German Imperial Rule Essay (Great English is a must!! No grammar errors!)

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Thank you for your support Question 1)
The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the most explosive political events of the twentieth
century. The violent revolution marked the end of the Romanov dynasty and centuries of Russian
Imperial rule. During the Russian Revolution, the Bolsheviks, led by leftist revolutionary
Vladimir Lenin, seized power and destroyed the tradition of csarist rule. The Bolsheviks would
later become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
In Russia, the February Revolution (known as such because of Russia’s use of the Julian
calendar) begins when riots and strikes over the scarcity of food erupt in Petrograd. One week
later, centuries of czarist rule in Russia ended with the abdication of Nicholas II, and Russia took
a dramatic step closer toward communist revolution.
By 1917, most Russians had lost faith in the leadership ability of the czarist regime. Government
corruption was rampant, the Russian economy remained backward, and Nicholas repeatedly
dissolved the Duma, the Russian parliament established after the Revolution of 1905, when it
opposed his will. However, the immediate cause of the February Revolution–the first phase of
the Russian Revolution of 1917–was Russia’s disastrous involvement in World War I.
Militarily, imperial Russia was no match for industrialized Germany, and Russian casualties
were greater than those sustained by any nation in any previous war. Meanwhile, the economy
was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war effort, and moderates joined Russian radical elements
in calling for the overthrow of the czar.
On March 8, 1917, demonstrators clamoring for bread took to the streets in the Russian capital of
Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg). Supported by 90,000 men and women on strike, the
protesters clashed with police but refused to leave the streets. On March 10, the strike spread
among all of Petrograd’s workers, and irate mobs of workers destroyed police stations. Several
factories elected deputies to the Petrograd Soviet, or “council,” of workers’ committees,
following the model devised during the Revolution of 1905.
On March 11, the troops of the Petrograd army garrison were called out to quell the uprising. In
some encounters, regiments opened fire, killing demonstrators, but the protesters kept to the
streets, and the troops began to waver. That day, Nicholas again dissolved the Duma. On March
12, the revolution triumphed when regiment after regiment of the Petrograd garrison defected to
the cause of the demonstrators. The soldiers, some 150,000 men, subsequently formed
committees that elected deputies to the Petrograd Soviet.
The imperial government was forced to resign, and the Duma formed a provisional government
that peacefully vied with the Petrograd Soviet for control of the revolution. On March 14, the
Petrograd Soviet issued “Order No. 1,” which instructed Russian soldiers and sailors to obey
only those orders that did not conflict with the directives of the Soviet. The next day, March 15,
Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Michael, whose refusal of the crown
brought an end to the czarist autocracy.
The new provincial government, tolerated by the Petrograd Soviet, hoped to salvage the Russian
war effort while ending the food shortage and many other domestic crises. It would prove a
daunting task. Meanwhile, Vladimir Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik revolutionary party, left his
exile in Switzerland and crossed German enemy lines to return home and take control of the
Russian Revolution.
After the abdication of the throne by the Tsar, the Provisional Government declared itself the
new form of authority. The Provisional Government shared Kadet views. The Kadets began to be
seen as a conservative political party and as “state-minded” by other Russians. At the same time
that the Provisional Government was put into place, the Soviet Executive Committee was also
forming. The Soviet represented workers and soldiers, while the Provisional Government
represented the middle and upper social classes. The Soviet also gained support from Social
Revolutionists and Mensheviks when the two groups realized that they did not want to support
the Provisional Government. When these two powers existed at the same time, “dual power” was
created. The Provisional Government was granted formal authority, but the Soviet Executive
Committee had the support of the people resulting in political unrest until the Bolshevik takeover
in October.Initially, Lenin and his ideas did not have widespread support, even among
Bolsheviks. In what became known as the July Days, approximately half a million soldiers,
sailors, and workers, some of them armed, came out onto the streets of Petrograd in protest. The
protesters seized automobiles, fought with people of authority, and often fired their guns into the
air. The crowd was so uncontrollable that the Soviet leadership sent the Socialist Revolutionary
Victor Chernov, a widely liked politician, to the streets to calm the crowd. The demonstrators,
lacking leadership, disbanded and the government survived. Leaders of the Soviet placed the
blame of the July Days on the Bolsheviks, as did the Provisional Government who issued arrest
warrants for prominent Bolsheviks. Historians debated from early on whether this was a planned
Bolshevik attempt to seize power or a strategy to plan a future coup.Lenin fled to Finland and
other members of the Bolshevik party were arrested. Lvov was replaced by the Socialist
Revolutionary minister Alexander Kerensky as head of the Provisional Government.Kerensky
declared freedom of speech, ended capital punishment, released thousands of political prisoners
and tried to maintain Russian involvement in World War I. He faced many challenges related to
the war: there were still very heavy military losses on the front; dissatisfied soldiers deserted in
larger numbers than before; other political groups did their utmost to undermine him; there was a
strong movement in favor of withdrawing Russia from the war, which was seen to be draining
the country, and many who had initially supported it now wanted out.
Question 2)
Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, actually consisted of two
revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial
government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
On November 6 and 7, 1917 (or October 24 and 25 on the Julian calendar, which is why the
event is often referred to as the October Revolution), leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik
Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup d’état against the Duma’s
provisional government.
The provisional government had been assembled by a group of leaders from Russia’s bourgeois
capitalist class. Lenin instead called for a Soviet government that would be ruled directly by
councils of soldiers, peasants and workersThe Bolsheviks and their allies occupied government
buildings and other strategic locations in Petrograd, and soon formed a new government with
Lenin as its head. Lenin became the dictator of the world’s first communist state.
There were six reasons why the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.
The first reason was that the Whites were disunited. They were a coalition of different enemies
of the Bolsheviks (Social Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, Tsarists, army officers angry at Brest
Litovsk, and nobles whose land had been given to the peasants). In fact, all these different
groups hated each other! They were disunited and their armies were thousands of miles apart –
Generals Yudenich and Deniken attacked Russia from the west, Admiral Kolchak from the east.
This meant that Trotsky could co-ordinate his forces much better, and fight his enemies one at a
time.
The second reason was Trotsky, who was a brilliant war leader and strategist, so the Red Army
had good tactics.
A third reason was belief. Many Russians were Communists, who believed they were fighting
for a better world. Others fought for them because they hated foreign (British, American and
French) armies invading Russia. This motivated the Bolshevik soldiers – they were fervent and
enthusiastic. Most of their enemies were fighting only because they were paid to.
Lenin helped the Bolsheviks by introducing War Communism. The Bolsheviks nationalised the
factories, and introduced military discipline. Strikes were made illegal. They introduced
rationing and forced the peasants to give food to the government. This put the whole nation on a
war footing, and gave the Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed.
Whereas the whites were disunited, the Bolsheviks maintained absolute unity through Terror.
The Tsar and his family were put to death, which removed a focal point for the whites. The
Cheka murdered any Whites they found – more than 7000 people were executed, and Red Army
generals were kept loyal by taking their families hostage – so the Bolsheviks were united and
disciplined towards a single end – winning the war.
Finally, the Bolsheviks had what they needed to win the war. The British, French and American
armies were fighting thousands of miles from home, at the end of a long supply line. The
Bolsheviks, on the other hand, had control of the main cities of Moscow and Petrograd (with
their factories), control of the railways (vital), an army of 300,000 men, very strict army
discipline, and internal lines of communication – giving them the advantage in the war. When
Kolchak was defeated in 1919, the foreign armies went home. The last white army was defeated
in the Crimea in 1920.

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