School of Electrical Engineering Electrical Circuit Experiment 4 Lab Report lab report electrical circuitplease no plagiarism !!! 0% similarityplease provi

School of Electrical Engineering Electrical Circuit Experiment 4 Lab Report lab report electrical circuitplease no plagiarism !!! 0% similarityplease provide me the % of similarity in trunit in .I will attach the sample in word file also the other word file for the instructions and the PDF is information you need to use in lab report .Please read the rubric 1.2 and follow the instructions. I provided the data in pic EXPERIMENT 4:
ACTIVE FILTERS – FILTER DESIGN
OUTCOMES:
Develop a basic understanding of active filters
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to become familiar with active filters
(analysis and design) and design, simulate, construct and test an active
band pass filter.
IN PREPARATION FOR EXPERIMENT 4:
(1)
(2)
(3)
Complete all Pre-lab exercises (in Lab Notebook); for background
material, the students can refer to their Electrical Systems or a
similar text.
Assemble all circuits required for Experiment 4 (refer to Fig. 4.2).
Bring Semi-log Graph paper to plot data to be collected during
the experiment.
TO BE HANDED IN:
(1)
(2)
Copy of Pre-lab exercises and simulations @ the beginning of the
class;
Copy of measurements/notes recorded in the Lab Notebook
during Experiment 4 @ the end of the class
21
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Frequency Response
Consider the circuit shown in Fig. 4.1.
C2
Zfeedback
R2
R1
VIN
Z1
V+
–
VOUT
+
FIGURE 4.1.
V-
An active Low Pass filter.
The Gain or Transfer Function for this circuit (known as the “inverting
configuration”), is given by:
Z
VOUT
= ? feedback
VIN
Z1
Therefore:
R2 ZC2
Z
VOUT
= ? feedback = ?
VIN
Z1
R1
REM: ZC =
1
j?C
# 1 &
R2 ? %
(
$ j?C2 ‘
# 1 &
R2 + %
(
$ j?C2 ‘
=?
R1
Z L = j? L
ZR = R
22
%
VOUT
R ”
1
=? 2$
‘ ? Transfer Function (TF)
VIN
R1 # 1+ j? R2C2 &
VOUT
R
1
=? 2
? Magnitude of the TF
VIN
R1 1+ (? R C )2
2 2
At low frequencies (or as ? approaches 0) i.e.
??0 ?
VOUT
R
? ? 2 and is referred to as the DC Gain.
VIN
R1
At high frequencies i.e.
? ?? ?
VOUT
?0
VIN
Therefore, input signals with low frequencies are multiplied (amplified)
by a factor of ?
R2
, while input signals with high frequencies result in
R1
near zero output voltage. The circuit in Fig. 4.1 is known as a Low Pass
Filter (LP).
Similarly, High Pass and Band Pass filters “pass” high or a “band” of
mid frequencies respectively.
The Frequency Response of a circuit or a system describes its behavior
as a function of frequency; it is completely described by the Magnitude
TF and Phase ?(TF) of the TF (as a function of frequency (? or f))
23
Decibels [dB]
Decibels are used (in electrical engineering) to express gain on a
logarithmic scale. The dB is a unit-less quantity. It is typically used for
!
voltage gain # AV =
”
!
VOUT $
P $
& or power gain # AP = OUT & ; by definition the
VIN %
PIN %
”
gain (for voltage) in dB’s is given by: dB=20 log
VOUT
VIN
Since power is proportional to the square of the voltage the above
decibel equation can be modified for power: dB=10 log
POUT
PIN
When dealing with filters, the cut-off frequency, (also known as the
corner frequency, break frequency, or 3-dB frequency), is the frequency
!P
$
& is 0.5 (the frequency at which the output
” PIN %
at which the power ratio #
OUT
power is equal to 50% of the input power).
Note: “0 dBs” corresponds to the output power being equal to the input
power; “-3 dB” corresponds to the output power being equal to 50% of
the input power; this corresponds to the output signal (VOUT) being equal
to approx. 70% of the input (VIN) (or 1 )
2
24
PRE-LAB EXERCISES/SIMULATIONS:
Figure 4.2 shows a Band Pass Filter with
VOUT
? R2C1
=
1
VIN
!(1+ ? 2 R 2C 2 ) (1+ ? 2 R 2C 2 )# 2
1 1
2 2 $
”
C2
The cut-off frequencies for
this filter are given by the
expressions shown below,
where fL and fH are the Low
and High cut-off frequency
respectively
1
fL =
2? R1C1
1
& fH =
2? R2C2
R2
C1 R 1
VIN
V-
An active Band Pass filter.
R2
? 1 and use resistors > 500 W.
R1
Using the values from part (1) and the software of your choice,
plot on a semi-log graph dB=20 log
(3)
VOUT
Pick the capacitor
values as, C1=10 µF, C2=10 nF, and design a filter with the
following specifications:
fL between 10 and 100 Hz; fH between 1 and 10 kHz;
keep the “mid-band gain”
(2)
+
FIGURE 4.2.
(1)
V+
VOUT
VIN
vs. f ; (Bode Plot)
SIMULATE THE CIRCUIT DESIGNED ABOVE USING PSPICE OR
A CIRCUIT SIMULATOR OF YOUR CHOICE. (attach a
simulation print out to pre lab calculations)
25
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
PART A – BAND PASS
(1)
Compensate both OSC Probes and set the Probe “attenuation” @
1x
(2)
Set the PS at ±15 Volts and adjust your input signal source for a
sine wave with a frequency of 40 Hz and amplitude of your
choice. Connect your circuit (Fig. 4.2) to the input signal and DC
power supplies.
Failure to connect the power supplies to the op-amp correctly will
damage your circuit.
(3)
Measure VIN and VOUT, calculate
VOUT
in dB and mark the data
VIN
point on your semi-log graph. Repeat this measurement as many
times as you see necessary to clearly demonstrate the Band Pass
characteristics of this filter; make sure that you mark the 3dB
frequencies. (in addition to the plot, create a table with your
measurements/data)
26
PART B – HIGH PASS
(1)
Remove C2 from your circuit.
(2)
Measure VIN and VOUT, calculate
VOUT
in dB and mark the data
VIN
point on your semi-log graph. Repeat this measurement as many
times as you see necessary to clearly demonstrate the High Pass
characteristics of this filter; make sure that you mark the 3dB
frequencies. (in addition to the plot, create a table with your
measurements/data)
PART C – LOW PASS
(1)
Reinsert C2 to your circuit and replace C1 with a wire!
(2)
Measure VIN and VOUT, calculate
VOUT
in dB and mark the data
VIN
point on your semi-log graph. Repeat this measurement as many
times as you see necessary to clearly demonstrate the Low Pass
characteristics of this filter; make sure that you mark the 3dB
frequencies. (in addition to the plot, create a table with your
measurements/data)
(3)
What interesting relationship do you notice between the 3 plots?
27
…
• This is the end of the
experiment
…
• Please clean up your
stations
…
• Turn off all equipment
before you leave
28
POST LAB REPORT (READ CAREFULLY)
This report should be written as a “text chapter” (rather than the typical
technical report format described previously and used for previous
reports); the title of your “text chapter” will be “FILTER OPERATION &
DESIGN”. Include an introduction section with a background on filters
(how they work, types of filters, applications etc.) and use the circuits
measured and data collected in class as examples/demonstrations of
filter operation.
It does not have to include the usual report components (i.e. it is not
necessary to include a parts list or equipment list, or lessons learnt etc.)
REM: GROUP report
29
Common Formal Post-Lab Report Mistakes
Include a cover page that contains your names, student ID #’s (NOT SS#),
experiment number, experiment name and a signed statement indicating that
the work is yours and original. Remember cover page should not be numbered.
Include a table of contents, with only the first page of each section noted
Number all pages (no page number on cover page)
Number your sections/subsections in the main body report and make sure they
match the TOCs
Label all graphs and their axes (include units) and captions
Number all figures and tables, and refer to it each figure and table by number in
your text
For periodic signals, show only 1-2 cycles so you can show more detail
Try to superimpose different curves on the same graph when necessary to mark
and compare the differences/similarities
Be sure to include %-error calculations, and mention whether the %-error is at an
acceptable level and why
Do not have empty columns or rows in your tables
Everything should be typed
Must include analysis of the data. For example if you are trying to prove a
theorem, state the theorem and use the data you collected to prove that theorem
Include lessons learnt, problems faced, etc.
Quality of data
Sufficient data to support
conclusions, accurately
presented in
tables/charts/graphs, correct
use of units/significant digits
Detailed quantitative and
qualitative evaluation of data
performed
Analyze data
Interpret data
Clear interpretation of what the
data means or implies, and
extrapolation to other
experiments that could be
performed
Conclusions drawn are based
upon available data and
defended by domain
knowledge
Use engineering
judgment to draw
conclusions
Structure &
Organization
The sections show a logical
and understandable
organization.
Formatting
Formatting is appropriate and
consistent throughout the
document.
Clarity and The main idea is apparent and
Presentation of Ideas supporting statements are
related to the main idea. The
connection is readily
understandable.
Quality of Graphics, Formatting and numbering of
Figures, Tables, tables and figures is consistent
Equations
and appropriate.

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