Santa Monica College Ch 1 Java Software Solutions Presentation please read the two PowerPoint and answer what you have learned. it’s a forum discussion. th

Santa Monica College Ch 1 Java Software Solutions Presentation please read the two PowerPoint and answer what you have learned. it’s a forum discussion. the answer should be between 7 to 9 sentences. thank you Chapter 1
Introduction
Java Software Solutions
Foundations of Program Design
9th Edition
John Lewis
William Loftus
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Focus of the Course
• Object-Oriented Software Development
– problem solving
– program design, implementation, and testing
– object-oriented concepts
•
•
•
•
•
classes
objects
encapsulation
inheritance
polymorphism
– graphical user interfaces
– the Java programming language
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• We start with the fundamentals of computer
processing
• Chapter 1 focuses on:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
components of a computer
how computers store and manipulate information
computer networks
the Internet and the World Wide Web
programming and programming languages
an introduction to Java
an overview of object-oriented concepts
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hardware and Software
• Hardware
– the physical, tangible parts of a computer
– keyboard, monitor, disks, wires, chips, etc.
• Software
– programs and data
– a program is a series of instructions
• A computer requires both hardware and software
• Each is essentially useless without the other
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
CPU and Main Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
Primary storage area
for programs and data
that are in active use
Synonymous with
RAM
Chip that executes
program
commands
Main
Memory
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Input / Output Devices
Central
Processing
Unit
Monitor screen
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch screen
I/O devices facilitate
user interaction
Main
Memory
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Secondary Memory Devices
Central
Processing
Unit
Information is moved
between main and
secondary memory
as needed
Hard Disk
Secondary memory
devices provide
long-term storage
Main
Memory
USB Flash Drive
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Software Categories
• Operating System
–
–
–
–
controls all machine activities
provides the user interface to the computer
manages resources such as the CPU and memory
Windows, Mac OS, Unix, Linux,
• Application program
– generic term for any other kind of software
– word processors, missile control systems, games
• Most operating systems and application programs
have a graphical user interface (GUI)
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Analog vs. Digital
• There are two basic ways to store and manage data:
• Analog
– continuous, in direct proportion to the data represented
– music on a record album – a needle rides on ridges in the grooves
that are directly proportional to the voltages sent to the speaker
• Digital
– the information is broken down into pieces, and each piece is
represented separately
– sampling – record discrete values of the analog representation
– music on a compact disc – the disc stores numbers representing
specific voltage levels sampled at specific times
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Analog Information
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sampling
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Digital Information
• Computers store all information digitally:
–
–
–
–
–
–
numbers
text
graphics and images
audio
video
program instructions
• In some way, all information is digitized – broken
down into pieces and represented as numbers
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Representing Text Digitally
• For example, every character is stored as a
number, including spaces, digits, and punctuation
• Corresponding upper and lower case letters are
separate characters
Hi, Heather.
72 105 44 32 72 101 97 116 104 101 114 46
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Binary Numbers
• Once information has been digitized, it is represented and
stored in memory using the binary number system
• A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
• Devices that store and move information are cheaper and
more reliable if they have to represent only two states
• A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light
bulb that is either on (1) or off (0)
• Permutations of bits are used to store values
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bit Permutations
1 bit
0
1
2 bits
00
01
10
11
3 bits
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
4 bits
0000 1000
0001 1001
0010 1010
0011 1011
0100 1100
0101 1101
0110 1110
0111 1111
Each additional bit doubles the number of possible permutations
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Bit Permutations
• Each permutation can represent a particular item
N
• There are 2 permutations of N bits
• Therefore, N bits are needed to represent 2
unique items
How many
items can be
represented by
N
1 bit ?
21 = 2 items
2 bits ?
2 = 4 items
3 bits ?
23 = 8 items
4 bits ?
24 = 16 items
5 bits ?
25 = 32 items
2
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quick Check
How many bits would you need to represent each
of the 50 United States using a unique permutation
of bits?
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quick Check
How many bits would you need to represent each
of the 50 United States using a unique permutation
of bits?
Five bits wouldn’t be
enough, because 25 is 32.
Six bits would give us 64
permutations, and some
wouldn’t be used.
000000
000001
000010
000011
000100
000101
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
etc.
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Computer Specification
• Consider the following specification for a
personal computer:
–
–
–
–
–
Intel Dual-Core i7 processor
4 GB RAM
750 GB Hard Disk
15” High Definition Display with 1366 x 768 resolution
802.11 wireless card
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Computer Architecture
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Memory
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
Main memory is
divided into many
memory locations (or
cells)
Each memory cell has
a numeric address,
which uniquely
identifies it
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Storing Information
9278
9279
9280
9281
9282
9283
9284
9285
9286
10011010
Each memory cell stores
a set number of bits
(usually 8 bits, or one
byte)
Large values are
stored in consecutive
memory locations
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Storage Capacity
• Every memory device has a storage capacity,
indicating the number of bytes it can hold
• Capacities are expressed in various units:
Unit
Symbol
Number of Bytes
kilobyte
KB
210 = 1024
megabyte
MB
220 (over one million)
gigabyte
GB
230 (over one billion)
terabyte
TB
240 (over one trillion)
petabyte
PB
250 (a whole bunch)
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Memory
• Main memory is volatile – stored information is lost if the
electric power is removed
• Secondary memory devices are nonvolatile
• Main memory and disks are direct access devices information can be reached directly
• The terms direct access and random access often are
used interchangeably
• A magnetic tape is a sequential access device since its
data is arranged in a linear order – you must get by the
intervening data in order to access other information
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hard Disk Drive
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
RAM vs. ROM
• RAM – Random Access Memory (direct access)
• ROM – Read-Only Memory
• The terms RAM and main memory are basically
interchangeable
• ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate
device, such as a CD ROM
• Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!
• RAM probably should be called Read-Write Memory
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Compact Discs
• A CD-ROM is portable read-only memory
• A microscopic pit on a CD represents a binary 1 and a
smooth area represents a binary 0
• A low-intensity laser reflects strongly from a smooth area
and weakly from a pit
• A CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive can be used to write
information to a CD once
• The speed of a CD drive indicates how fast (max) it can
read and write information to a CD
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
DVDs
• A DVD is the same physical size as a CD, but can
store much more information
• The format of a DVD stores more bits per square
inch
• A CD can store 650 MB, while a standard DVD
can store 4.7 GB
– A double sided DVD can store 9.4 GB
– Other advanced techniques can bring the capacity up to
17.0 GB
• Like CDs, there are DVD-R discs
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Central Processing Unit
• A CPU is on a chip called a microprocessor
• It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute
cycle:
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
fetch
execute
Carry out the
instruction
decode
Determine what the
instruction is
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Control Unit
Registers
Performs
calculations and
makes decisions
Coordinates
processing steps
Small
storage
areas
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Central Processing Unit
• The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system
clock
• The system clock generates an electronic pulse at
regular intervals
• The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
• The speed is usually measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Monitor
• The size of a monitor (15.6″) is measured
diagonally, like a television screen
• A monitor has a certain maximum resolution ,
indicating the number of picture elements, called
pixels, that it can display (such as 1366 by 768)
• High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper
pictures
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Networks
• A network is two or more computers that are
connected so that data and resources can be
shared
• Most computers are connected to some kind of
network
• Each computer has its own network address,
which uniquely identifies it among the others
• A file server is a network computer dedicated to
storing programs and data that are shared among
network users
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Network Connections
• Each computer in a network could be directly
connected to every other computer in the network
• These are called point-to-point connections
Adding a computer requires
a new communication line
for each computer already
in the network
This technique is not practical for
more than a few close machines
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Network Connections
• Most networks share a single communication line
• Adding a new computer to the network is relatively
easy
Often information is broken
Network traffic must take
turns using the line, which down in parts, called packets,
which are sent to the receiving
introduces delays
machine and then reassembled
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Computer Network
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Local-Area Networks
A Local-Area Network
(LAN) covers a small
distance and a small
number of computers
LAN
A LAN often connects the machines
in a single room or building
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Wide-Area Networks
A Wide-Area Network (WAN)
connects two or more LANs,
often over long distances
LAN
LAN
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Internet
• The Internet is a WAN which spans the planet
• The word Internet comes from the term
internetworking
• It started as a United States government project,
sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA)
– originally it was called the ARPANET
• The Internet grew quickly throughout the 1980s
and 90s
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
TCP/IP
• A protocol is a set of rules that determine how
things communicate with each other
• The software that manages Internet communication
follows a suite of protocols called TCP/IP
• The Internet Protocol (IP) determines the format of
the information as it is transferred
• The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) dictates
how messages are reassembled and handles lost
information
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
IP and Internet Addresses
• Each computer on the Internet has a unique IP address,
such as:
204.192.116.2
• Most computers also have a unique Internet name, which
also is referred to as an Internet address:
hector.vt.edu
• The first part indicates a particular computer (hector)
• The rest is the domain name, indicating the organization
(vt.edu)
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Domain Names
• The last part of a domain name, called a top-level
domain (TLD), supposedly indicates the type of
organization:
edu
com
org
net
educational institution
commercial entity
non-profit organization
network-based organization
Sometimes the suffix
indicates the country:
uk
au
ca
se
United Kingdom
Australia
Canada
Sweden
Additional TLDs have
been added, including:
biz, info, tv, name
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Domain Names
• A domain name can have several parts
• Unique domain names mean that multiple sites
can have individual computers with the same local
name
• When used, an Internet address is translated to an
IP address by software called the Domain Name
System (DNS)
• There is no one-to-one correspondence between
the sections of an IP address and the sections of
an Internet address
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web allows many different types of
information to be accessed using a common interface
• A browser is a program which accesses network resources
and presents them
– Popular browsers: Internet Explorer, Safari, Firefox
• Resources presented include:
– text, graphics, video, sound, audio, executable programs
• A Web document usually contains links to other Web
documents, creating a hypermedia environment
• The term Web comes from the fact that information is not
organized in a linear fashion
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
The World Wide Web
• Web documents are often defined using the HyperText
Markup Language (HTML)
• Information on the Web is found using a Uniform Resource
Locator (URL):
http://www.google.com
http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/education
• A URL specifies a protocol (http), a domain, and possibly
specific documents
• You can also use a browser with other protocols, such as
ftp
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Outline
Computer Processing
Hardware Components
Networks
The Java Programming Language
Program Development
Object-Oriented Programming
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Java
• The Java programming language was created by
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
• It was introduced in 1995 and it’s popularity has
grown quickly since
• A programming language specifies the words and
symbols that we can use to write a program
• A programming language employs a set of rules
that dictate how the words and symbols can be put
together to form valid program statements
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Java Program Structure
• In the Java programming language:
– A program is made up of one or more classes
– A class contains one or more methods
– A method contains program statements
• These terms will be explored in detail throughout
the course
• A Java application always contains a method
called main
• See Lincoln.java
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************
// Lincoln.java
Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the basic structure of a Java application.
//********************************************************************
public class Lincoln
{
//—————————————————————-// Prints a presidential quote.
//—————————————————————-public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“A quote by Abraham Lincoln:”);
System.out.println(“Whatever you are, be a good one.”);
}
}
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Output
//********************************************************************
A quote Author:
by Abraham
Lincoln:
// Lincoln.java
Lewis/Loftus
//
Whatever you are, be a good one.
// Demonstrates the basic structure of a Java application.
//********************************************************************
public class Lincoln
{
//—————————————————————-// Prints a presidential quote.
//—————————————————————-public static void main(String[] args)
{
System.out.println(“A quote by Abraham Lincoln:”);
System.out.println(“Whatever you are, be a good one.”);
}
}
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Java Program Structure
//
comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
class header
class body
Comments can be placed almost anywhere
}
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Java Program Structure
//
comments about the class
public class MyProgram
{
//
comments about the method
public static void main (String[] args)
{
method body
method header
}
}
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Comments
• Comments should be included to explain the
purpose of the program and describe processing
steps
• They do not affect how a program works
• Java comments can take three forms:
// this comment runs to the end of the line
/*
this comment runs to the terminating
symbol, even across line breaks
/** this is a javadoc comment
*/
*/
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Identifiers
• Identifiers are the “words” in a program
• A Java identifier can be made up of letters, digits,
the underscore character ( _ ), and the dollar sign
• Identifiers cannot begin with a digit
• Java is case sensitive: Total, total, and
TOTAL are different identifiers
• By convention, programmers use different case
styles for different types of identifiers, such as
– title case for class names – Lincoln
– upper case for constants – MAXIMUM
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Identifiers
• Sometimes the programmer chooses the
identifer(such as Lincoln)
• Sometimes we are using another programmer’s
code, so we use the identifiers that he or she
chose (such as println)
• Often we use special identifiers called reserved
words that already have a predefined meaning in
the language
• A reserved word cannot be used in any other way
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Reserved Words
• The Java reserved words:
abstract
assert
boolean
break
byte
case
catch
char
class
const
continue
default
do
double
else
enum
extends
false
final
finally
float
for
goto
if
implements
import
instanceof
int
interface
long
native
new
null
package
private
protected
public
return
short
static
strictfp
super
switch
synchronized
this
throw
throws
transient
true
try
void
volatile
while
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade
quizGrade
NetworkConnection
frame2
3rdTestScore
MAXIMUM
MIN_CAPACITY
student#
Shelves1&2
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Quick Check
Which of the following are valid Java identifiers?
grade
Valid
quizGrade
Valid
NetworkConnection
Valid
frame2
Valid
3rdTestScore
Invalid – cannot begin with a digit
MAXIMUM
Valid
MIN_CAPACITY
Valid
student#
Invalid – cannot contain the ‘#’ character
Shelves1&2
Invalid – cannot contain the ‘&’ character
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