Rasmussen College Speech Disorders Breast Feeding Essay Explained at least 3 advantages and 3 potential disadvantages or concerns related to breastfeeding.

Rasmussen College Speech Disorders Breast Feeding Essay Explained at least 3 advantages and 3 potential disadvantages or concerns related to breastfeeding.

10

Explained at least 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages or concerns about formula feeding.

10

Described the impact that breastfeeding has on a working mother.

8

Described at least 1 legal issue and/or recent legislation related to breastfeeding.

8

Submitted a 3-page paper, written in APA format using proper spelling/grammar, and included APA citations for any resources used as references.

4

Total

40

Scoring Rubric:
Module 02 Assignment – Learning Disability

Criteria

Points

Used the stages of development and provided examples to explain when a child’s communication is considered delayed.

9

Described speech disorders and explained how they are characterized.

9

Explained what language disorders are and discussed how they affect language development and education. Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Thai Culture
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage
▪ Siam, the land of the musical The King and I, is
the former name of Thailand.
▪ Thailand is the only Southeast Asian country that
has never been colonized by westerners.
▪ In 1939, the name of the country was changed
from Siam to Thailand, which literally means “the
land of the free.”
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Overview/Heritage
▪ The first people who are culturally considered
“Thais” probably migrated from the south of
China.
▪ Over 150,000 Thais live in the United States.
▪ The first two Thai immigrants in the United States
were Eng and Chang, the famous Siamese twins
who captured the world’s attention because of
their conjoined chests.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ Many Thais with graduate degrees work in
the United States in professional fields such
as medicine, nursing, and engineering.
▪ Others own Thai restaurants or grocery
stores and provide work for other Thais at
their businesses.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ The standard Thai dialect, derived from Pali
and Sanskrit (ancient South Asian languages,)
is the official language in Thailand.
▪ The Thai language is a fixed tonal language
and has five tones.
▪ The written alphabet is a complicated system
of 44 letters with over 33 vowels or vowel
combinations.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ Although English is taught in Thai schools,
the English proficiency of Thai people in
general is not very high.
▪ A younger person is expected to show
respect for an older person through his or
her gestures and language.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ A Thai female uses the word, “Kah,” while a
Thai male uses “Kraab” at the end of a
sentence to add politeness in a conversation.
▪ Looking in a person’s eyes and conversing
quietly reflect respect and politeness.
▪ A distance of 11/2 to 2 feet between two
speakers is preferable.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ Kisses and hugs between a male and female
are not traditional in the Thai culture.
▪ Thais usually greet each other with the ‘Wai’
motion —putting the palms of both hands
together in a prayer-like gesture and bowing
the head slightly.
▪ This gesture is used by both men and women
of all age groups.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ Most Thais have long first and last names. A
Thai is usually referred to by his or her first
name, even in an official setting like school or
work.
▪ Their names usually have clear meanings.
▪ A first name is often given by a Buddhist
monk or a fortune-teller based on the date,
day of the week, and time of a newborn’s
birth.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ When married, a woman usually uses her
husband’s last name. A couple’s children also use
their father’s last name.
▪ When Thai names are written in English, the
spelling is merely a kind of phonetic translation
from its real spelling in the Thai alphabet.
▪ Almost all Thais have a short nickname used by
their family and close friends.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ A man is the head of the household in a
traditional Thai family.
▪ In most Thai families, responsibilities involving
house chores and taking care of children
belong to a woman.
▪ However, more Thai families today have begun
to divide house chores between men and
women.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ Thai children are taught to respect elders.
▪ Talking back to elders is discouraged.
▪ Thai female adolescents have traditionally
been expected to protect their virginity until
marriage. Dating with a chaperone present is
preferable to parents.
▪ Children are the center of the family for Thais.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ Traditional Thai families are nuclear in nature.
Today, however, single families are becoming
more common in Thailand.
▪ It is not uncommon for a single Thai to live with
his or her sibling(s), cousin(s), aunt(s), uncle(s),
grandparent(s), and/or parent(s).
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ Many Thai children sleep with their parents
from birth until some point in time before they
reach adolescence.
▪ Thai parents do not feel comfortable leaving
their infants in a separate bedroom.
▪ Often children are spoon-fed by adults until
they are 6 to 7 years old.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ Education is so vitally important for Thais that
westerners are often amazed when a Thai
spouse will leave his or her partner or children
behind for years to further studies aboard.
▪ Marriages in Thailand used to be mainly
arranged by the parents.
▪ Today, young Thais have more freedom to
select a spouse.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Communication
▪ Respect for older people, an important
aspect of Thai culture, is always signaled by a
younger person gesturing with the ‘Wai’ to
the older person first.
▪ When the elders in a Thai family become too
old to take care of themselves, younger
members are morally required to care for
them.
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Family Roles & Organization
▪ Approximately 20 years ago, commercial
lounges and bars were the main or only places
for gays and lesbians for social gatherings.
▪ Gays and lesbians in Thailand are more
accepted today than in the past.
▪ At present, same sex marriages are not
supported by Thai laws.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Workforce Issues
▪ Most Thais usually try to avoid personal conflicts
at work and are hard workers.
▪ Although the family is deemed very important for
Thais, in many circumstances, especially for
economic reasons, work comes before family.
▪ Thai Americans tend to socialize among
themselves rather than be exposed to Americans
or peoples from other cultures.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Workforce Issues
▪ Thai Americans respect their supervisors
because seniority is strongly valued in their
culture.
▪ Thus, they might not be assertive at work.
▪ Communication in the workplace with Thai
Americans who are learning English as their
second language should be clear. Slang
expressions should be avoided.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology
▪ An estimated 75 percent of the population in
Thailand is pure “Thai.”
▪ Chinese represent 14 percent of the population
▪ 11 percent of the population is made up of Malay,
Lao, Mon, Cambodian, Vietnamese, Asian
Indian, Caucasian, or hill-dweller tribes (Karen,
Lisu, Ahka, Lahu, Mien, & Hmong.)
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology
▪ Regardless of mixed heritages, skin color, and
facial profile, the Thais’ size and body structure
are usually much smaller than those of
Caucasians.
▪ Lower doses of indinavir/ritonavir is preferable
than using larger doses as used among
Caucasians due to the smaller body size of the
Thais.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Biocultural Ecology
▪ Common genetic conditions among Thais include
Gucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency,
and Thalassemia.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
High-Risk Behaviors
▪ Recent surveys of Thais health conditions
showed that unsafe sex (12.7%) is the leading
high-risk behavior, followed by
▪ Smoking, Alcohol consumption, illicit drug use,
nonuse of helmet while driving
motorcycle/motorbike, hypertension, high body
mass index, high cholesterol, inadequate
vegetable and fruit consumption, physical
inactivity.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
High-Risk Behaviors
▪ Thailand has been commended for its response to HIV/
AIDS.
▪ However, Thailand has in large measure ignored the
problems of HIV/AIDS among men who have sex with
men.
▪ The problem is interrelated with Thailand’s commercially
successful male sex industry. Young male sex workers
sell their services—negotiating with sex, condoms, work,
and social stigma while living with the ever-present
danger of an HIV infection.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
High-Risk Behaviors
▪ Smoking and alcohol consumption follow unsafe
sex as the second and third most common risk
factors found in the behavior of Thai people.
▪ The amount of alcohol consumed by Thais is
found to be higher than that consumed by the
French, Americans, Japanese, and Filipinos.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ “We should eat to live, not live to eat” is not only
a famous saying in Latin, but also in Thai,
reflecting the central importance and meaning of
food in the Thai culture.
▪ A Thai balanced diet usually includes low-fat/lowmeat dishes with a large percentage of vegetable
and legumes.
▪ Rice and fish are main staples.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Vegetables and meats are usually fried or
grilled and prepared in many combined
variations to supplement rice.
▪ Overall, pork or chicken is eaten more than
beef. Fish, and other forms of seafood, are also
regularly enjoyed.
▪ Communal eating is an essential part of the
Thai culture.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Noodle recipes are much loved by Thais and
prepared with the noodles already mixed in
with meats and vegetables.
▪ For all foods, seasonings are critical to the
Thai artistry of accommodating different
palettes.
▪ Fish and oyster sauces are very often
combined with soy sauce as a basic starting
point for many recipes.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Many Thais love very spicy food, but not all.
Tom-Yum is a traditional spicy Thai soup that is
gaining popularity worldwide. It has been found
to have positive effects on people’s health
because of its ingredients, which include lemon
grass, galangal roots, kaffir lime leaves, hot
chilies, red onions, and garlic
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Som-Tum is a famous spicy Thai salad
originating from the northeast of Thailand.
▪ Most Thais living in the United States consume
enough fruits and vegetables; not enough bread
and milk; and too much meat, fats, oils, and
sweets.
▪ Hot or warm foods or drinks are considered
healthier than cold ones.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Nutrition
▪ Many types of herbs are considered to promote
health and work against cancer development.
▪ Some herbs are considered as an overall
panacea.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
ClickerCheck
The leading high-risk behavior among Thais is
a. Alcohol consumption.
b. Unprotected sex.
c. High fat diet.
d. Lack of physical activity.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Correct Answer
Correct answer: B
Research reports that the leading high-risk
behavior among Thais is unprotected sex.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Thai women view pregnancy as a special time in
their lives when they need extra care physically
and emotionally.
▪ Ideally, the age of 20 is the optimal time for
pregnancy due to the women’s physical and
emotional maturity.
▪ Thai women want their husbands and their
mothers to be supportive of their pregnancies.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Due to modesty, especially during a vaginal
examination, Thai women prefer female healthcare providers over their male counterparts.
▪ They do not feel comfortable exposing their
bodies to male providers.
▪ The pregnant woman’s most significant person
who directs their practices during this time in her
mother.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Pregnant women are advised not to complain or
get upset so that newborns will be.
▪ They should not to sit on stairs or door sills to
avoid a difficult labor and delivery.
▪ When a pregnant mother blocks other people
from going up and down stairs or in and out of a
doorway, the unborn baby could be blocked
inside the mother’s uterus.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ In general, Thai pregnant women are
discouraged from visiting a hospitalized person
(regardless of the kind of sickness), attending a
funeral ceremony, or visiting a house where there
has been a death.
▪ Some women believe that eating eggs may result
in having smelly newborns.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Drinking coconut juice can cause too much
vernix caseosa.
▪ Others drink a lot of the juice, believing that it will
help their newborns to have smooth and beautiful
skin texture.
▪ Consuming chocolate or drinking coffee will
cause a newborns to have a darker skin texture.
▪ Most Thais view lighter skin as more favorable.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ A safety pin on their outfit over their belly works against a
kind of ghost who always wants to steal the unborn baby
from a mother’s womb.
▪ After a child is born, the mother is left cold and wet.
Therefore, the mother should gain some heat to dry out
her body, especially her uterus.
▪ Warm/hot drinks and foods are consumed; ice chips or
ice cubes are avoided.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Some avoid chicken postpartum because a
chicken likes to scratch the ground to look for
food. The chicken meat, therefore, could scratch
open the perineum.
▪ Eggs are avoided by some mothers, believing
that they could cause a big scar on the perineum.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
▪ Some postpartum Thai women drink Ya Dong, a
Thai nonalcoholic or alcoholic drink infused with
herbs.
▪ The drink helps with blood production and drying
out the uterus quickly.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Death Rituals
▪ Because most Thais are Buddhists, only the funeral rites
in connection with Buddhism are addressed here.
▪ Like other Buddhists, Thai Buddhists believe that after a
person dies, the person will be reborn somewhere else
based on that person’s Karma.
▪ Karma means ‘action’ and refers to the process by which
a person’s moral behavior or actions have consequences
for the person’s future, either in the present or later life.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Death Rituals
▪ Thai Buddhists follow the custom of cremation.
▪ In the funeral ceremony, oftentimes Buddhist monks are
invited to chant verses to the dead and the family.
▪ Food and candles are offered to the monks.
▪ The sons of the deceased are expected to be ordained
for a short period of time, ranging from a week to three
months.
▪ The ordination is believed to help the dead go to heaven.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Death Rituals
▪ Female relatives normally wail quietly.
▪ The family members pray quietly to the dead
before the cremation to ask for forgiveness and
wish the dead to be reborn in a happy and
peaceful home.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ The vast majority of Thais are Buddhist, while the
rest are Muslim, Christian, and Hindu or other.
▪ In the United States, over three million people
are Buddhist.
▪ Although not in agreement with all other religious
beliefs, Thai Buddhists are free to incorporate
any other religious values and/or animism to their
beliefs and practices when deemed good.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ Most Thais in all socioeconomic strata to some
degree incorporate animism, fortune telling, and
astrology.
▪ Many families in Thailand have a spirit house
where they believe that the ancient spirits of the
land (Pra Poom) dwell.
▪ For most Thais, family support along with
Buddhism is a crucial source of strength.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ When coping with difficulties or illnesses, many
Thai lay people and health-care professional
follow Buddha’s teaching.
▪ They believe that the illness can be improved by
following the Five Precepts so that their present
or next life.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ The Five Precepts are comparable to half of the
Christian Ten Commandments and stress
abstinence from killing, stealing, lying, sexual
misconduct, and illicit drugs and alcohol
consumption.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ Four Noble Truths reflect tenets about life.
▪ The First Noble Truth maintains that life is suffering, and
that suffering as such is found in four unavoidable life
moments; namely birth, illness, aging, and death.
▪ The Second Noble Truth maintains that the cause of all
suffering is Tanha, or personal desire.
▪ The Third Noble Truth is a belief that overcoming Tanha
is attainable.
▪ The Fourth Noble Truth outlines paths to end suffering.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Spirituality
▪ Meditation and prayer are ways for many Thais
to cope with an illness.
▪ Meditation is a means for Thai older people to
enhance their self-awareness, peace of mind,
sleep, and physical health.
▪ Spiritual concepts of Karma, Nirvana, the Five
Precepts, the Middle Way, and the Four Noble
Truths are all important for Buddhist Thais.
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach, 4th Edition
Health-care Practices
▪ Health promotion and disease prevention behavior
among the Thais is very limited.
▪ Bad Karma and/or negative supernatural power causes
mental illness.
▪ Therefore, folk therapies from traditional healers are the
first resource for many Thai families.
▪ When such therapies do not seem to work, they go to
contemporary…
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