Portland State Deriving the Gas Laws Using Computer Simulations Worksheet Topic: Deriving the gas laws using computer simulationsIn the table contents in l

Portland State Deriving the Gas Laws Using Computer Simulations Worksheet Topic: Deriving the gas laws using computer simulationsIn the table contents in lab manual PDF file, find the above topic. You will find the procedure on how to do all the work on this link belowhttps://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/gas-properties/latest/gas-properties_en.html Deriving the Gas Laws Using Computer Simulations
Analysis: Procedure 1: Pressure Volume Relationship
1. Graphically represent the Pressure (atm) Volume (nm3) relationship with volume on the x-axis.
Be sure to include a proper title and caption.
insert graph here
2. Graphically represent the Pressure (atm) and Inverse Volume, 1/V (nm-3) relationship with 1/V on
the x axis. Be sure to include a proper title and caption.
insert graph here
3. Identify the mathematical relationship that exists between pressure and volume, when
temperature and quantity are held constant, as being directly proportional or inversely
proportional. Explain your answer and write an equation that relates pressure and volume to a
constant, using variables, not the mathematical equation from the best fit line.
4. Why were you asked to graph pressure and the inverse of volume?
Analysis Questions: Procedure 2: Volume Temperature Relationship
5. Graphically represent the Temperature (K) Volume (nm3) relationship. Be sure to include a
proper title and caption.
insert graph here
6. Identify the mathematical relationship that exists between volume and temperature, when
pressure and quantity are held constant, as being directly proportional or inversely proportional.
Explain your answer and write an equation that relates volume and temperature to a constant,
using variables, not the mathematical equation from the best fit line.
7. Use your line of best fit to estimate the temperate at the y-intercept. What does this
temperature represent?
Analysis Questions: Procedure 3: Temperature Pressure Relationship
8. Graphically represent the Temperature (K) Pressure (atm) relationship. Make sure the axis that
represents temperature includes a range from 0 K to 600 K. Be sure to include a proper title and
caption.
insert graph here
9. Identify the mathematical relationship that exists between pressure and temperature, when
volume and quantity are held constant, as being directly proportional or inversely proportional.
Explain your answer and write an equation that relates pressure and temperature to a constant,
using variables, not the mathematical equation from the best fit line.
10. What effect does temperature have on molecular motion? Using this explanation, explain why
both pressure and volume can decrease with decreasing temperature.
11. Absolute zero is theorized to be the temperature that all molecular motion stops. Based on this,
what would you predict to be the pressure and volume of a gas sample whose temperature is
decreased to absolute zero? Explain.
Analysis Questions: Procedure 4: Pressure Quantity Relationship
12. Graphically represent the Quantity (number of molecules) Pressure (atm) relationship. Be sure to
include a proper title and caption.
insert graph here
13. Describe the impact of increasing the number of molecules (or moles) of a gas on the pressure of
a gas sample. Would you expect this trend to be the same for other gases? Explain your answer.
14. Based on your previous observations, predict the impact of changing the number of moles of a
gas sample on the volume of the gas sample (if pressure and temperature are held constant).
What effect would changing the number of moles of a gas sample have on the temperature of a
gas sample (if pressure and volume are held constant)? Explain your answer and state whether
these relationships are proportional or inversely proportional.
15. Calculate the slope of the line for your pressure vs. quantity graph (Excel will do this for you when
you determine the line of best fit, please see the tutorial available on D2L or by your own online
search). What properties does this number represent? Would you expect it to be the same for
other gases? Explain your answer. Explain if you would expect the slope to be the same or
different for other gases with respect to the other 3 relationships that were analyzed in this
activity.
Chemistry 227, 228 and 229
General Chemistry Labs
Lab Coordinators:
Dr. Eric Sheagley
sheagley@pdx.edu
1
Table of Contents
Laboratory Safety Rules and Procedures …………………………………………………………………………… 3
Keeping a Lab Notebook …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Report Guidelines ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
General Chemistry Lab Report Checklist………………………………………………………………………….. 17
CH227 LABS
Lab: Scientific Measurements ………………………………………………………………………………………… 19
Pre-Lab: Who has the same solid that I have? …………………………………………………………………. 24
Pre-Lab: How much sugar is in a can of coke? …………………………………………………………………. 32
Pre-Lab: A Cycle of Copper Reactions …………………………………………………………………………….. 42
Pre-lab: Using Conductivity to Find an Equivalence Point …………………………………………………. 49
Pre-lab: Which Alkali Metal Carbonate? …………………………………………………………………………. 57
Prelab: Atomic Emission Spectra …………………………………………………………………………………… 64
Pre-Lab: Determining the Concentration of a Solution: Beer’s Law…………………………………… 71
Electron Density Lab: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78
CH228 LABS
Pre-Lab: Enthalpy of Neutralization of Phosphoric Acid ……………………………………………………. 83
Pre-Lab: Hess’s Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89
Deriving the Gas Laws Using Computer Simulations …………………………………………………………. 96
Pre-Lab: Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide ……………………………………………………………… 101
Pre-Lab: Vapor Pressure and Heat of Vaporization ………………………………………………………… 107
Pre-Lab: Using Freezing-Point Depression to Find Molecular Weight ……………………………….. 115
Pre-Lab: The Rate, Order, and Activation Energy of a Chemical Reaction ………………………….. 121
Le Chatelier’s Principle in a Cobalt Complex …………………………………………………………………… 129
Pre-Lab: Chemical Equilibrium: Finding a Constant, Kc……………………………………………………. 134
CH229 LABS
Pre-lab: Acid Rain ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144
Pre-lab: Acid Ionization Constant, Ka …………………………………………………………………………….. 152
Pre-lab: Titration of a Diprotic Acid: Identifying an Unknown …………………………………………… 160
Pre-lab: Buffers ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 169
Pre-lab: Determination of the Ksp of Calcium Hydroxide ………………………………………………….. 178
Pre-lab: Thermodynamics of the Solubility of Potassium Nitrate ………………………………………. 185
Pre-lab: Redox Titration: Analysis of a Commercial Bleach ………………………………………………. 191
Pre-lab: Synthesis of Acetaminophen ……………………………………………………………………………. 197
Electrochemistry: Galvanic Cells and the Nernst Equation ……………………………………………….. 205
2
Laboratory Safety Rules and Procedures
Safety Rules
The guidelines below are established for your and your classmates’ personal
safety. Failure to adhere to the guidelines below will result in a loss of Lab
Technique points.
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is used to protect you from serious injuries or illnesses
resulting from contact with chemical hazards in the laboratory. Spills and other accidents can
occur when least expected. For this reason, it is necessary to wear proper PPE. The PPE for
student labs consists of goggles, gloves and clothing. Proper PPE is required for all students or
they will be asked to leave the lab
•Goggles – Goggles must be worn whenever any experimental work is being done in the
laboratory to protect the eyes against splashes. Only indirect-vented goggles are allowed
in the student labs and should be worn at all times when any chemical is being used in
the lab. These are for sale in the bookstore and stockroom. You should not wear contact
lenses in a chemical laboratory. Chemical vapors may become trapped behind the lenses
and cause eye damage. Some chemicals may dissolve “soft” contact lenses. The most
important aspect of having the goggles fit comfortably is the proper adjustment of the
strap length. Adjust the strap length so that the goggles fit comfortably securely and are
not too tight. If you find that your goggles tend to fog, you can pick-up anti-fog tissue
from the stockroom.
• Gloves – Gloves should be worn to protect the hands from chemicals. Gloves are
provided through your student fees and are located in the student labs. For health and
safety reasons it is important to always remove at least one glove when leaving the
student laboratory, this prevents things such as door handles from getting
contaminated.
• Clothing – Dress appropriately for laboratory work. You must wear shoes that cover
your entire foot, including the heel. They should fit up near your ankle; leather is
preferred but any non-porous material is okay. Your clothing must cover your torso and
legs down to your shoes. In addition, you are required to wear a department provided
lab coat while working in the lab.
• Eating, drinking and smoking are prohibited in the laboratory at ALL times. Wash your hands
after finishing lab work and refrain from quick trips to the hall to drink or eat during lab. If you
take a break, be certain to remove gloves and wash hands before ingesting food or drink.
• Never work alone in the laboratory or in the absence of the instructor.
• Headphones may not be worn in lab.
3
Safety Procedures
• Know location of safety equipment; fire extinguisher, fire blanket, first aid kit, safety
shower, eyewash fountain and all exits.
• In case of fire or accident, call the instructor at once.
• Small fires may be extinguished by wet towels.
• If a person’s clothing catches fire, roll the person in the fire blanket to extinguish the
flames.
• In case of a chemical spill on the body or clothing, stand under the safety shower and
flood the affected area with water. Remove clothing to minimize contamination with the
chemical.
• If evacuation of the lab is necessary, leave through any door that is safe, or not
obstructed; doors that lead to other labs may be the best choice. Leave the building by
the nearest exit and meet your TA in the designated area. This would also be the
meeting place in the event of an earthquake or other emergency. It is good to know the
nearest exits of your lab on the first day of class.
• Spilled chemicals must be cleaned up immediately. If the material is corrosive or
flammable, ask the instructor for assistance. If acids or bases are spilled on the floor or
bench, neutralize with sodium bicarbonate, then dilute with water. Most other chemicals
can be sponged off with water.
• Avoid contact with blood or bodily fluids. Notify the instructor or stockroom personnel if
ANY blood is spilled in the lab so that proper clean up and disposal procedures may be
followed.
• If a mercury thermometer is broken, do not attempt to clean up yourself. Notify students
around you, so that mercury is not spread, then notify your lab instructor or stockroom
personnel. The stockroom is equipped for proper clean up and disposal of mercury.
Laboratory Procedures and Protocol
General Etiquette:
• Leave all equipment and work areas as you would wish to find them.
• Keep your lab bench area neat and free of spilled chemicals. Your book bag, coat, etc.,
should be kept in the designated area at the entrance to the lab, not at your bench.
4
• All chemical waste must be disposed of in proper containers. Proper disposal of chemicals
is important for student safety and proper disposal. Putting chemicals into the wrong
containers can lead to injury from unexpected chemical reactions. Mixing waste can also
make it more difficult or expensive for PSU to dispose of them. Only chemicals should go
into waste jars. Waste jars for each experiment will be provided in the lab. They will be
labeled specifying which contents should be placed inside. It is important that you replace
the lids to the waste containers. When done with the waste jar, make sure it is placed in a
secondary container. Do not put anything down the sink unless you are explicitly told to
dispose of it this way. Your instructor will provide specific disposal guidelines when
needed. Following these guidelines assists us in lowering the environmental impact of the
labs.
There are several locations for very specific waste.
i. Chemical waste – these containers are ONLY for chemical waste generated
in the lab. They are each specifically labeled for each lab and waste type.
READ THE LABELS.
ii. Contaminated paper waste – this is ONLY for paper towels used for cleanup of chemical spills.
iii. Broken glass – this is ONLY for broken glassware.
iv. Gloves – this is ONLY for used gloves.
v. Normal trash – this is for all other trash that is not chemically
contaminated, glass, or gloves.
• Clean your bench and equipment Clean all your glassware- dirty glassware is harder to
clean later. Wash with water and detergent scrubbing with a brush as necessary. Rinse
well with water. Do not dry glassware with compressed air, as it is frequently oily. The
water and gas should be turned off and your equipment drawer locked.
• Clean the common areas before you leave the lab. Point deductions for the entire class will
be imposed if the instructor or stockroom is not satisfied.
• Return any special equipment to its proper location or the stockroom.
Handling Chemicals:
Obtaining reagents:
• Read the label CAREFULLY. The Chemicals are organized by experiment in secondary
containment bins. Make sure the chemical name and concentration match what is
required by the experiment!
• Do not take the reagents to your bench.
• We recommend always picking up bottles by the label. If all students do this, then any
unnoticed spills when pouring will not cause possible problems for the next user.
Remember to wear gloves while working with reagents.
5
• Do not put stoppers or lids from reagents down on the lab bench. They may become
contaminated. Be sure that the lids or stoppers are replaced.
• Do not place your own pipet, dropper, or spatulas into the reagent jar. Pour a small
amount into a beaker and measure from that. Please pour on the conservative side to
minimize waste and cost of labs. You can always go back for more.
• Do not put any excess reagent back in the reagent jar. Treat it as waste and dispose of it
properly.
• When weighing chemicals on the balances, never weigh directly onto the weighing pan.
Weigh into a weighing boat or beaker. Any spills on the balances MUST be cleaned up
immediately. If you are unclear how to clean a spill, notify your instructor. The balances
you are using are precision pieces of equipment and costs up to $4000.
• All chemicals should be treated as potentially hazardous and toxic. Never taste a chemical
or solution. When smelling a chemical, gently fan the vapors toward your nose.
• Any chemicals that come in contact with your skin should be immediately washed with
soap and copious amounts of water.
Laboratory Procedures
• Never pipet any liquid directly by mouth! Use a rubber bulb to draw liquid into the pipet.
• Never weigh hot chemicals or equipment.
• When heating a test tube, always use a test tube holder and be certain never to point the
open end of the test tube toward yourself or another person.
• Handling glass tubing or thermometers: to insert glass tubing into a rubber stopper,
lubricate the glass tubing with a drop of glycerin, hold the tubing in your hand close to the
hole, and keep all glass pieces wrapped in a towel while applying gentle pressure with a
twisting motion.
• To prepare a dilute acid solution from concentrated acid, acid should be added slowly to
water with continuous stirring. This process is strongly exothermic, and adding water to
acid may result in a dangerous, explosive spattering.
• Use the fume hood for all procedures that involve poisonous or objectionable gases or
vapors.
• Never use an open flame and flammable liquids at the same time.
6
Keeping a Lab Notebook
In keeping a lab notebook, there are certain principles that should be followed. These boil down
to being clear and complete in your entries in your lab notebook. There are also certain
conventions for lab notebooks that are universally followed. High on this list are the following:
Use a notebook with pre-numbered pages
Record entries in ink
Keep entries reasonably neat and organized
Never tear pages out of your lab notebook (other than the carbonless copy pages)
What Kind of Notebook Should I Use?
For this class you must use a notebook with carbonless copy pages.
General Guidelines
• Write your name on outside front of notebook
• Use black ink, fine-tipped ball-point pen (this will photocopy clearly)
• At the front of the notebook, leave a few pages for a Table of Contents
• Each lab should have a brief introduction and description of procedure
• Generally, use only the right-hand page for most text
• Use facing left page for working graphs, manual calculation, and working notes
• Prepare data tables in advance – with columns for calculated results and notes
• Working graphs done in lab notebook to monitor progress
Usage and Structure
The overriding principle for a lab notebook is to record in it all the pertinent information about
your lab work. This boils down to clear descriptions of what you did and what you observed as a
result. It is a working tool, and a reference for other researchers who might want to read your
notebook and reproduce your work. (This applies to notebooks in learning laboratories: Your lab
instructor may want to look at what you did in order to understand your results. This is often
the case. So, it needs to be clear.)
The word “clear” here is crucial. In order to be clear, data must be recorded in well-thought-out
tables, clearly labeled. Descriptions of procedures must be clear and concise; to the point.
You should record all your work in your lab notebook. That is the proper place for all lab
planning and observations. Nothing should be recorded on odd scraps of paper, etc.
7
Structure for your Lab Notebooks:
For each lab in this class you should have the following sections in your lab notebook:
Title
Purpose
Procedure and Observations
It is also often helpful to include a Result section
Note: When preparing your notebook for lab only write on the right-hand page.
Title:
With your lab notebook laid open, on the right-hand page write down the title of the
experiment, and the date. In general, you will use the right-hand page for all your writing. The
left-hand page is reserved for recording scratch work. Don’t use this space until you need to.
One example of how to use the left-hand page: if your work requires simple calculations using
your …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment