NYU Chapter 8 Social Support and Biopsychosocial Pathway Research Paper Please reply to two of the prompts belowExplain coping and the relationship between

NYU Chapter 8 Social Support and Biopsychosocial Pathway Research Paper Please reply to two of the prompts belowExplain coping and the relationship between personality and coping. Define social support, and elucidate the different forms of social support.Explain the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, and cite a few advantages of using this program.What are term stress moderators, and provide an example of a stress moderator. What is a biopsychosocial pathway, and how is it beneficial in promoting health? Each of your responses should incorporate
course content assigned during that particular week and should be approximately
250 words Chapter
Eight:
Using
Health
Services
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
•Recognition and interpretation of symptoms
•Who uses health services?
•Misusing health services
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
2
Individual differences
• Hypochondriacs believe normal bodily symptoms are
indicators of illness
• Neurotic people either exaggerate symptoms or are
more attentive to real symptoms
Attentional differences
• People who are focused on themselves are quicker to
notice symptoms
• People with more distractions and who attend less to
themselves experience fewer symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
3
Situational factors
• Boring situations make people more attentive to
symptoms
• Medical students’ disease: Students believing they are
ill with the same illness about which they are studying
Stress
• Stress-related physiological changes are interpreted as
symptoms of illness
Mood
• Affects perception about symptoms and perceived
vulnerability to illness
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Education.
4
•Prior experience – Common disorders are
regarded as less serious than rare disorders
•Expectations – Unexpected symptoms are
ignored and expected symptoms are
amplified
•Seriousness of the symptoms – Treatment is
sought only when the symptom:
• Affects a highly valued body part
• Causes pain
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Education.
5
•Commonsense beliefs – Held by people about
their symptoms and illnesses
• Result in organized illness representations
•Includes basic information about an illness
• Identity – Name of the illness
• Causes – Factors believed to have led to the
illness
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Education.
6
• Consequences – Symptoms, treatments, and
their implications for quality of life
• Time line – Length of time the illness is
expected to last
• Control/cure – Whether the person believes
the illness can be managed or cured
• Coherence – How well these beliefs represent
the disorder
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Education.
7
Acute illness
• Believed to be caused by viral or bacterial agents
• Short in duration, with no long-term consequences
Chronic illness
• Believed to be caused by multiple factors
• Long in duration, with severe consequences
Cyclic illness
• Alternating periods of either no symptoms or many
symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
8
•Family and friends who offer their own
interpretations of symptoms way before the
treatment is sought
•Advice is offered regarding:
• What the symptom means
• Advisability of seeking medical treatment
• Various home remedies
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
9
•Two-thirds of Internet users have used it to
find health information
•Many physicians depend on it for the most
up-to-date information on illnesses and
treatments
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
10
•Age – Infants and the elderly use it most
frequently
•Gender
• Women use it more than men
• Pregnancy and childbirth account for it
• Women have better homeostatic mechanisms
• Women’s medical care is more fragmented
• Men are expected to ignore pain and not give
in to illness
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
11
•Social class and culture – Lower social classes
use it less than affluent ones
•Social psychological factors
• Individual’s attitudes and beliefs toward
health services and symptoms
• Children learn how to use health services from
their parents
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
12
•Psychological complaints – Nonmedical
complaints that stem from anxiety and
depression
•People use health services for psychological
complaints as:
• They are accompanied by physical symptoms
• Medical disorders are perceived to be more
legitimate than psychological ones
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
13
• It leads to secondary gains
• Secondary gains: Benefits gained from being ill
• They need to document their absence in order
to collect wages at work
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
14
Putting off seeking treatment for one or
more potentially serious symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
15
Appraisal delay
• Time taken to decide that a symptom is serious
Illness delay
• Time between the recognition that a symptom implies an
illness and the decision to seek treatment
Behavioral delay
• Time between deciding to seek treatment and actually
doing so
Medical delay
• Time that elapses between the person’s calling for an
appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical
care
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
16
•Common among people:
• With no regular contact with a physician
• Who are phobic about medical services
•Symptoms that delay seeking treatment
• Those similar to a previous one that turned
out to be minor
• Those that do not hurt or change quickly
• Those that are easily accommodated
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
17
•Typical symptoms of a disorder are more
likely to be treated
•Delay in taking recommended treatments
• Patients no longer feel any urgency about
their condition
• Patients become alarmed by the symptoms
and avoid thinking about them altogether
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
18
• Delay in the part of the health care
practitioner
• Medical delay is likely when a patient deviates
from the profile of the average person with a
given disease
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
19
Chapter
Eight:
Using
Health
Services
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
•Recognition and interpretation of symptoms
•Who uses health services?
•Misusing health services
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
2
Individual differences
• Hypochondriacs believe normal bodily symptoms are
indicators of illness
• Neurotic people either exaggerate symptoms or are
more attentive to real symptoms
Attentional differences
• People who are focused on themselves are quicker to
notice symptoms
• People with more distractions and who attend less to
themselves experience fewer symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
3
Situational factors
• Boring situations make people more attentive to
symptoms
• Medical students’ disease: Students believing they are
ill with the same illness about which they are studying
Stress
• Stress-related physiological changes are interpreted as
symptoms of illness
Mood
• Affects perception about symptoms and perceived
vulnerability to illness
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
4
•Prior experience – Common disorders are
regarded as less serious than rare disorders
•Expectations – Unexpected symptoms are
ignored and expected symptoms are
amplified
•Seriousness of the symptoms – Treatment is
sought only when the symptom:
• Affects a highly valued body part
• Causes pain
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
5
•Commonsense beliefs – Held by people about
their symptoms and illnesses
• Result in organized illness representations
•Includes basic information about an illness
• Identity – Name of the illness
• Causes – Factors believed to have led to the
illness
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
6
• Consequences – Symptoms, treatments, and
their implications for quality of life
• Time line – Length of time the illness is
expected to last
• Control/cure – Whether the person believes
the illness can be managed or cured
• Coherence – How well these beliefs represent
the disorder
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
7
Acute illness
• Believed to be caused by viral or bacterial agents
• Short in duration, with no long-term consequences
Chronic illness
• Believed to be caused by multiple factors
• Long in duration, with severe consequences
Cyclic illness
• Alternating periods of either no symptoms or many
symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
8
•Family and friends who offer their own
interpretations of symptoms way before the
treatment is sought
•Advice is offered regarding:
• What the symptom means
• Advisability of seeking medical treatment
• Various home remedies
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
9
•Two-thirds of Internet users have used it to
find health information
•Many physicians depend on it for the most
up-to-date information on illnesses and
treatments
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
10
•Age – Infants and the elderly use it most
frequently
•Gender
• Women use it more than men
• Pregnancy and childbirth account for it
• Women have better homeostatic mechanisms
• Women’s medical care is more fragmented
• Men are expected to ignore pain and not give
in to illness
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
11
•Social class and culture – Lower social classes
use it less than affluent ones
•Social psychological factors
• Individual’s attitudes and beliefs toward
health services and symptoms
• Children learn how to use health services from
their parents
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
12
•Psychological complaints – Nonmedical
complaints that stem from anxiety and
depression
•People use health services for psychological
complaints as:
• They are accompanied by physical symptoms
• Medical disorders are perceived to be more
legitimate than psychological ones
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
13
• It leads to secondary gains
• Secondary gains: Benefits gained from being ill
• They need to document their absence in order
to collect wages at work
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
14
Putting off seeking treatment for one or
more potentially serious symptoms
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
15
Appraisal delay
• Time taken to decide that a symptom is serious
Illness delay
• Time between the recognition that a symptom implies an
illness and the decision to seek treatment
Behavioral delay
• Time between deciding to seek treatment and actually
doing so
Medical delay
• Time that elapses between the person’s calling for an
appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical
care
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
16
•Common among people:
• With no regular contact with a physician
• Who are phobic about medical services
•Symptoms that delay seeking treatment
• Those similar to a previous one that turned
out to be minor
• Those that do not hurt or change quickly
• Those that are easily accommodated
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
17
•Typical symptoms of a disorder are more
likely to be treated
•Delay in taking recommended treatments
• Patients no longer feel any urgency about
their condition
• Patients become alarmed by the symptoms
and avoid thinking about them altogether
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
18
• Delay in the part of the health care
practitioner
• Medical delay is likely when a patient deviates
from the profile of the average person with a
given disease
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill
Education.
19

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