James Madison High School Mouse Genetics Lab and Natural Selection Lab have to make an “A” on each assingment. i attached the files below so you could have

James Madison High School Mouse Genetics Lab and Natural Selection Lab have to make an “A” on each assingment. i attached the files below so you could have a look of the work. Name: ______________________________________
Date: ________________________
Student Exploration: Cell Energy Cycle
**FOR THE BEST LAB EXPERIENCE, PLEASE READ THROUGH ALL INSTRUCTIONS
AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN STEP BY STEP!
Vocabulary: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, ATP, cellular respiration, chemical
energy, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, glucose, glycolysis, mitochondria, photosynthesis,
radiant energy
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
1. What does a plant need to survive and grow? ____________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What does an animal need to survive and grow? _________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. How do animals and plants depend on each other? _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Gizmo Warm-up
The Cell Energy Cycle Gizmo™ illustrates two
processes that are essential to life: photosynthesis
and cellular respiration.
Although both of these reactions involve a series of
complex steps, the basic reactants and products in
each process are four relatively simple molecules.
1. What is the chemical formula of oxygen? _______
2. Glucose is a simple sugar. What is the chemical
formula of glucose? _________________________
3. What is the chemical formula of carbon dioxide? _______
4. What is the chemical formula of water? _______
Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A:
Photosynthesis
• If necessary, click Reset.
• Check that the PHOTOSYNTHESIS tab is
selected. Check that Description is turned on.
Introduction: Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast, an organelle found in plant and algae
cells. Within the chloroplast, a green pigment called chlorophyll converts the radiant energy of
sunlight into chemical energy that the plant can use.
Question: What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
1. Predict: Of the molecules shown on the CHEMICALS pane, which do you think are
reactants (ingredients) in photosynthesis? Which do you think are products?
Reactants: ___________________________
Products: ___________________________
2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the chloroplast on the
PHOTOSYNTHESIS pane. If a molecule is a reactant, it will stay in the chloroplast.
Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis? _________________________________
3. Observe: Click Add light and look at the Output. What are the products of photosynthesis?
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Summarize: A chemical equation shows reactants on the left side of an arrow, and products
on the right, like this: reactant + reactant ? product + product.
Based on your observations, what is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
_________________________________________________________________________
Turn on Show chemical equation to check. Were you correct? _____________
4b. Click the camera
to take a snapshot of your work. Right-click the image and select
Copy Image. Paste the image in the space below:
5. Challenge: A chemical equation is balanced when each side of the equation includes the
same number of each type of atom.
A. Is the equation balanced as written? Why or why not? ________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. If you are familiar with balancing equations, balance the photosynthesis equation.
Write the balanced equation below, and then check your work by clicking Balance.
Activity B:
Cellular
respiration
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Click Reset.
• Select the RESPIRATION tab.
Introduction: Cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and in mitochondria,
organelles found in all complex cells. (Bacteria and other simple organisms do not contain
mitochondria.) The Gizmo shows a mitochondrion surrounded by yellow cytoplasm.
Question: What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
1. Predict: Of the molecules shown on the CHEMICALS pane, which do you think are
reactants (ingredients) in cellular respiration? Which do you think are products?
Reactants: ___________________________
Products: ___________________________
2. Explore: Drag each molecule from the CHEMICALS pane to the RESPIRATION pane.
Which molecules are reactants in cellular respiration? ______________________________
3. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the cytoplasm? _____________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
This process is called glycolysis. The word Pyruvic is short for pyruvic acid, a product of
glycolysis. Glycolysis produces energy, which is stored in the form of ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) molecules. Glycolysis results in a net production of two ATP molecules.
4. Observe: Click Next. What happens now? _______________________________________
5. Observe: Click Next. What happens in the mitochondrion? __________________________
5b. Click the camera
to take a snapshot of your work. Right-click the image and select
Copy Image. Paste the image in the space below:
_________________________________________________________________________
Energy from the mitochondrion is also stored in the form of ATP. Thirty ATP molecules are
produced for every two molecules of pyruvic acid.
6. Analyze: Cellular respiration involves two phases. Anaerobic respiration does not involve
oxygen, while aerobic respiration does. Where does each phase take place?
Anaerobic respiration: _______________________________________________________
Aerobic respiration: _________________________________________________________
(Activity B continued on next page)
Activity B (continued from previous page)
7. Summarize: Based on what you have seen, what is the overall chemical equation for cellular
respiration? _______________________________________________________________
Turn on Show formula of chemical equation to check. Were you correct? _____________
8. Challenge: A chemical equation is balanced when each side of the equation includes the
same number of each type of atom.
A. Is the equation balanced as written? Why or why not? ________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. If you are familiar with balancing equations, balance the cellular respiration equation.
Write the balanced equation below, and then check your work by clicking Balance.
___________________________________________________________________
9. Extend your thinking: When you think of the word “respiration,” you might think about the
process of breathing, which is actually called ventilation. (The respiratory system consists of
the windpipe, lungs, etc.)
How is breathing related to cellular respiration? (Hint: Think about both the reactants and
the products of cellular respiration.)
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
10. On your own: If no oxygen is present, pyruvic acid breaks down to
form lactic acid. You can feel the effects of lactic acid if you exercise
very hard. One way to produce lactic acid is to do a “wall sit,”
supporting yourself against a wall in a sitting position. Try doing this
for a few minutes. What do you feel in your thigh muscles?
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Activity C:
The carbonoxygen cycle
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Click Reset.
• Select the CYCLE tab.
Question: How is photosynthesis related to cellular respiration?
1. Form a hypothesis: How do you think photosynthesis is related to cellular respiration?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Predict: Look at the red arrows, and think about the photosynthesis and respiration
reactions. Each red arrow connects a set of reactants to the products of the reaction.
A. Which chemicals would you expect to find at the top of the diagram? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. Which chemicals would you expect to find at the bottom of the diagram? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Observe: Drag the Oxygen, Glucose, Carbon dioxide, and Water into the CYCLE pane.
A. Which substances are reactants in photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
B. Which substances are products of photosynthesis? ____________ ____________
C. Which substances are reactants in respiration? ____________ ____________
D. Which substances are products of respiration? ____________ ____________
4. Click the camera
to take a snapshot of your work. Right-click the image and select Copy
Image. Paste the image in the space below:
5. Compare: How are the reactants and products of photosynthesis and respiration related to
one another?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
(Activity C continued on next page)
Activity C (continued from previous page)
6. Review: In photosynthesis and respiration, energy is converted from one form to another.
Light is a form of radiant energy. Glucose and ATP molecules store chemical energy.
A. In the photosynthesis chemical equation, does the radiant energy of the Sun act as a
reactant or a product? Explain your answer. ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. In photosynthesis, what form of energy is sunlight converted to, and how is this
energy stored? _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
C. In the respiration equation, does energy act as a reactant or a product? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
D. How is the energy produced by respiration stored? __________________________
___________________________________________________________________
7. Summarize: How are respiration and photosynthesis related to each other? _____________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
8. Think and discuss: In what ways are plants and animals dependent on each other?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Name: ______________________________________
Date: ________________________
Student Exploration: Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
**FOR THE BEST LAB EXPERIENCE, PLEASE READ THROUGH ALL INSTRUCTIONS
AND FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN STEP BY STEP!
Vocabulary: allele, DNA, dominant allele, gene, genotype, heredity, heterozygous,
homozygous, hybrid, inheritance, phenotype, Punnett square, recessive allele, trait
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using
the Gizmo.)
1. The image shows a single litter of kittens. How are they
similar to one another? _________________________
____________________________________________
2. How do they differ from one another? ___________________________________________
3. What do you think their parents looked like? ______________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Gizmo Warm-up
Heredity is the passage of genetic information from parents to
offspring. The rules of inheritance were discovered in the 19th
century by Gregor Mendel. With the Mouse Genetics (One Trait)
Gizmo™, you will study how one trait, or feature, is inherited.
1. Drag two black mice into the Parent 1 and Parent 2 boxes.
Click Breed several times. What do the offspring look like?
_________________________________________________
The appearance of each mouse is also called its phenotype.
2. Click Clear, and drag two white mice into the parent boxes. Click Breed several times. What
is the phenotype of the offspring now? __________________________________________
3. Do you think mouse offspring will always look like their parents? ______________________
Explain: __________________________________________________________________
Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A:
• Click Clear.
Patterns of
• Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the
inheritance
parent boxes, but don’t click Breed yet.
Question: What patterns are shown by offspring traits?
1. Predict: What do you think the offspring of a black mouse and a white mouse will look like?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Observe: Click Breed several times. What do you see? _____________________________
3. Observe: Drag two offspring into the Holding Cages. These mice are called hybrids
because their parents had different traits. Click Clear, and then breed the two hybrids.
What do you see now? ______________________________________________________
4. Experiment: Turn on Show statistics. Click Breed until there are 100 offspring.
How many offspring were black? ________
How many were white? ________
4b. SNAPHOT: Show your work by clicking on TOOLS in the upper right-hand corner and
clicking on Screenshot. Right click image to copy and paste below:
5. Explore: Try other combinations of mouse parents. Write the results of each experiment in
your notes. When you have finished, answer the following questions. (Note: You can refer to
the parents as “pure black,” “pure white,” or “hybrid.”)
A. Which parent combination(s) yield only white offspring? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
B. Which parent combination(s) yield only black offspring? _______________________
___________________________________________________________________
C. Which parent combination(s) yield a mixture of black and white offspring? ________
___________________________________________________________________
Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity B:
Genetics basics
• Click Clear.
• Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the
parent boxes.
Introduction: Inherited traits are encoded on a molecule called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
Genes are segments of DNA that control a particular trait. Most genes have several different
versions, or alleles. The genotype is the allele combination an organism has.
Question: How do alleles determine fur color?
1. Observe: Turn on Show genotype. Move your cursor over a mouse to see its genotype.
A. What is the genotype of the black parent? _______
White parent? _______
These mice are homozygous for fur color, meaning both alleles are the same.
B. Click Breed. What is the genotype of the offspring mice? _______
These mice are heterozygous for fur color, meaning the alleles are different.
2. Analyze: Dominant alleles are always expressed when present. Recessive alleles are not
expressed when the dominant allele is also present. Look at the two alleles for fur color.
A. Which allele is dominant, and which fur color does it produce? _________________
B. Which allele is recessive, and which fur color does it produce? _________________
3. Predict: Place two of the Ff offspring into the Holding Cages. Click Clear, and then place
them into the parent boxes.
A. Which allele(s) could the offspring inherit from parent 1? ______________________
B. Which allele(s) could the offspring inherit from parent 2? ______________________
C. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? ___________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Experiment: Click Breed several times, and look at the genotypes of the offspring. Did you
find all the predicted genotypes? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Activity C:
Modeling
inheritance
Get the Gizmo ready:
• Click Clear.
• Drag a black mouse and a white mouse into the
parent boxes.
Question: How do scientists predict the genotypes of offspring?
1. Model: Scientists use a Punnett square to model the different
possible offspring genotypes from a parent pair. The parent
genotypes are written across the top and side of the square, as
shown. The four possible offspring genotypes are then filled in.
The first square is filled in for you. Fill in the remaining squares.
A. What are the genotypes of the offspring? __________________________________
B. What percentage of the offspring will have black fur? _________________________
C. What percentage of the offspring will have white fur? _________________________
2. Experiment: Click Breed several times. Were your predictions correct? ________________
3. Model: Use the Punnett squares below to model each parent combination. After filling in
each Punnett square, predict the percentages of black and white offspring.
Parent 1: Heterozygous black (Ff)
Parent 2: Heterozygous black (Ff)
Predicted % black offspring: ______
Predicted % white offspring: ______
Parent 1: Heterozygous black (Ff)
Parent 2: Homozygous white (ff)
Predicted % black offspring: ______
Predicted % white offspring: ______
(Activity C continued on next page)
Activity C (continued from previous page)
4. Experiment: Turn on Show statistics and Show as approximate percentage. For each
combination, breed approximately 500 offspring. Record the results in the table below.
(Hint: To obtain an Ff mouse, breed an FF mouse to an ff mouse. Place two Ff offspring into
the holding cages, click Clear, and then drag the Ff mice into the parent boxes.)
Parent 1 Genotype
Parent 2 Genotype
Ff
Ff
Ff
ff
% Black offspring
% White offspring
5. Draw conclusions: How well did the Punnett squares predict the offspring percentages for
each parent pair? ___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Summarize: In your own words, describe what heredity is and how it works in mice.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Think and discuss: Do you think most traits are inherited the way mouse fur color is? _____
Why do you think this is? _____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Name: ______________________________________
Date: ________________________
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