George Washington Chapter 7 Cybercrime and Cyber Related Crimes Summary chapter 7 Tavani Ethics and Technology BookSummarize the entire chapters readingPlu

George Washington Chapter 7 Cybercrime and Cyber Related Crimes Summary chapter 7 Tavani Ethics and Technology BookSummarize the entire chapters readingPlus some analysis a particular idea you choose from the reading and I also want you to connected to some example.I will attach you the book and the Rubtic below RUBRIC – Reading Response
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䉲
FOURTH EDITION
ETHICS
AND
TECHNOLOGY
Controversies, Questions, and Strategies
for Ethical Computing
HERMAN T. TAVANI
Rivier University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tavani, Herman T.
Ethics and technology : controversies, questions, and strategies for ethical
computing / Herman T. Tavani, Rivier University—Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-28172-7 (pbk.)
1. Computer networks—Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title.
TK5105.5.T385 2013
175—dc23
2012028589
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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In memory of my grandparents,
Leon and Marian (Roberts) Hutton,
and Antonio and Clelia (Giamberardino) Tavani
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CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
PREFACE
xvii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FOREWORD
xxvii
xxix
CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
CHAPTER 2.
ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND ETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
AND JUSTIFYING A MORAL SYSTEM 33
CHAPTER 3.
CRITICAL REASONING SKILLS FOR EVALUATING DISPUTES IN
CYBERETHICS 74
CHAPTER 4.
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, CODES OF CONDUCT, AND MORAL
RESPONSIBILITY 101
CHAPTER 5.
PRIVACY AND CYBERSPACE
CHAPTER 6.
SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE
CHAPTER 7.
CYBERCRIME AND CYBER-RELATED CRIMES
CHAPTER 8.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN CYBERSPACE
CHAPTER 9.
REGULATING COMMERCE AND SPEECH IN CYBERSPACE
131
174
201
CHAPTER 10. THE DIGITAL DIVIDE, DEMOCRACY, AND WORK
230
269
303
CHAPTER 11. ONLINE COMMUNITIES, CYBER IDENTITIES, AND SOCIAL NETWORKS
CHAPTER 12. ETHICAL ASPECTS OF EMERGING AND CONVERGING TECHNOLOGIES
GLOSSARY
INDEX
337
368
411
417
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE xvii
New to the Fourth Edition xviii
Audience and Scope xix
Organization and Structure of the Book xxi
The Web Site for Ethics and Technology xxiii
A Note to Students xxiv
Note to Instructors: A Roadmap for Using This Book
A Note to Computer Science Instructors xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FOREWORD xxix
xxiv
xxvii
c CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO CYBERETHICS: CONCEPTS, PERSPECTIVES,
AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORKS 1
Scenario 1–1: A Fatal Cyberbullying Incident on MySpace 1
Scenario 1–2: Contesting the Ownership of a Twitter Account 2
Scenario 1–3: “The Washingtonienne” Blogger 2
1.1 Defining Key Terms: Cyberethics and Cybertechnology 3
1.1.1 What Is Cybertechnology? 4
1.1.2 Why the Term Cyberethics? 5
1.2 The Cyberethics Evolution: Four Developmental Phases in Cybertechnology 6
1.3 Are Cyberethics Issues Unique Ethical Issues? 9
Scenario 1–4: Developing the Code for a Computerized Weapon System 10
Scenario 1–5: Digital Piracy 11
1.3.1 Distinguishing between Unique Technological Features and Unique
Ethical Issues 11
1.3.2 An Alternative Strategy for Analyzing the Debate about the Uniqueness
of Cyberethics Issues 12
1.3.3 A Policy Vacuum in Duplicating Computer Software 13
1.4 Cyberethics as a Branch of Applied Ethics: Three Distinct Perspectives 14
1.4.1 Perspective #1: Cyberethics as a Field of Professional Ethics 15
1.4.2 Perspective #2: Cyberethics as a Field of Philosophical Ethics 18
1.4.3 Perspective #3: Cyberethics as a Field of Sociological/ Descriptive Ethics 21
Scenario 1–6: The Impact of Technology X on the Pleasantville Community 21
1.5 A Comprehensive Cyberethics Methodology 24
1.5.1 A “Disclosive” Method for Cyberethics 25
1.5.2 An Interdisciplinary and Multilevel Method for Analyzing
Cyberethics Issues 26
1.6 A Comprehensive Strategy for Approaching Cyberethics Issues 27
1.7 Chapter Summary 28
vii
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Review Questions 28
Discussion Questions 29
Essay/Presentation Questions
Scenarios for Analysis 29
Endnotes 30
References 31
Further Readings 32
Online Resources 32
29
c CHAPTER 2
ETHICAL CONCEPTS AND ETHICAL THEORIES: ESTABLISHING
AND JUSTIFYING A MORAL SYSTEM 33
2.1 Ethics and Morality 33
Scenario 2–1: The “Runaway Trolley”: A Classic Moral Dilemma 34
2.1.1 What Is Morality? 35
2.1.2 Deriving and Justifying the Rules and Principles of a Moral System
2.2 Discussion Stoppers as Roadblocks to Moral Discourse 42
2.2.1 Discussion Stopper #1: People Disagree on Solutions to
Moral Issues 43
2.2.2 Discussion Stopper #2: Who Am I to Judge Others? 45
2.2.3 Discussion Stopper #3: Morality Is Simply a Private Matter 47
2.2.4 Discussion Stopper #4: Morality Is Simply a Matter for Individual
Cultures to Decide 48
Scenario 2–2: The Perils of Moral Relativism 49
2.3 Why Do We Need Ethical Theories? 52
2.4 Consequence-Based Ethical Theories 53
2.4.1 Act Utilitarianism 55
Scenario 2–3: A Controversial Policy in Newmerica 55
2.4.2 Rule Utilitarianism 55
2.5 Duty-Based Ethical Theories 56
2.5.1 Rule Deontology 57
Scenario 2–4: Making an Exception for Oneself 58
2.5.2 Act Deontology 59
Scenario 2–5: A Dilemma Involving Conflicting Duties 60
2.6 Contract-Based Ethical Theories 61
2.6.1 Some Criticisms of Contract-Based Theories 62
2.6.2 Rights-Based Contract Theories 63
2.7 Character-Based Ethical Theories 64
2.7.1 Being a Moral Person vs. Following Moral Rules 64
2.7.2 Acquiring the “Correct” Habits 65
2.8 Integrating Aspects of Classical Ethical Theories into a Single
Comprehensive Theory 66
2.8.1 Moor’s Just-Consequentialist Theory and Its Application to
Cybertechnology 67
2.8.2 Key Elements in Moor’s Just-Consequentialist Framework 69
2.9 Chapter Summary 70
Review Questions 70
Discussion Questions 71
Essay/Presentation Questions 71
Scenarios for Analysis 72
Endnotes 72
38
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References 73
Further Readings
73
c CHAPTER 3
CRITICAL REASONING SKILLS FOR EVALUATING DISPUTES IN CYBERETHICS
3.1 Getting Started 74
Scenario 3–1: Reasoning About Whether to Download a File from “Sharester” 75
3.1.1 Defining Two Key Terms in Critical Reasoning: Claims and Arguments
3.1.2 The Role of Arguments in Defending Claims 76
3.1.3 The Basic Structure of an Argument 76
3.2 Constructing an Argument 78
3.3 Valid Arguments 80
3.4 Sound Arguments 83
3.5 Invalid Arguments 85
3.6 Inductive Arguments 86
3.7 Fallacious Arguments 87
3.8 A Seven-Step Strategy for Evaluating Arguments 89
3.9 Identifying Some Common Fallacies 91
3.9.1 Ad Hominem Argument 92
3.9.2 Slippery Slope Argument 92
3.9.3 Fallacy of Appeal to Authority 93
3.9.4 False Cause Fallacy 93
3.9.5 Begging the Question 94
3.9.6 Fallacy of Composition/ Fallacy of Division 94
3.9.7 Fallacy of Ambiguity/ Equivocation 95
3.9.8 Appeal to the People (Argumentum ad Populum) 95
3.9.9 The Many/ Any Fallacy 96
3.9.10 The Virtuality Fallacy 97
3.10 Chapter Summary 98
Review Questions 98
Discussion Questions 98
Essay/Presentation Questions 99
Scenarios for Analysis 99
Endnotes 99
References 100
Further Readings 100
74
75
c CHAPTER 4
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, CODES OF CONDUCT, AND MORAL RESPONSIBILITY
4.1
4.2
4.3
101
Professional Ethics 102
4.1.1 What Is a Profession? 103
4.1.2 Who Is a Professional? 103
4.1.3 Who Is a Computer/ IT Professional? 104
Do Computer/IT Professionals Have Any Special Moral Responsibilities? 105
4.2.1 Safety-Critical Software 105
Professional Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct 106
4.3.1 The Purpose of Professional Codes 107
4.3.2 Some Criticisms of Professional Codes 108
4.3.3 Defending Professional Codes 109
4.3.4 The IEEE-CS/ ACM Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional
Practice 110
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4.4
Conflicts of Professional Responsibility: Employee Loyalty and Whistle-Blowing 112
4.4.1 Do Employees Have an Obligation of Loyalty to Employers? 112
4.4.2 Whistle-Blowing Issues 114
Scenario 4–1: Whistle-Blowing and the “Star Wars” Controversy 115
4.4.3 An Alternative Strategy for Understanding Professional Responsibility 117
4.5 Moral Responsibility, Legal Liability, and Accountability 117
4.5.1 Distinguishing Responsibility from Liability and Accountability 118
4.5.2 Accountability and the Problem of “Many Hands” 119
Scenario 4–2: The Therac-25 Machine 120
4.5.3 Legal Liability and Moral Accountability 120
4.6 Risk Assessment in the Software Development Process 121
Scenario 4–3: The Aegis Radar System 121
4.7 Do Some Computer Corporations Have Special Moral Obligations? 122
4.7.1 Special Responsibilities for Search Engine Companies 123
4.7.2 Special Responsibilities for Companies that Develop Autonomous Systems 124
4.8 Chapter Summary 125
Review Questions 126
Discussion Questions 126
Essay/Presentation Questions 126
Scenarios for Analysis 127
Endnotes 128
References 128
Further Readings 130
c CHAPTER 5
PRIVACY AND CYBERSPACE
5.1
5.2
131
Are Privacy Concerns Associated with Cybertechnology Unique or Special? 132
What is Personal Privacy? 134
5.2.1 Accessibility Privacy: Freedom from Unwarranted Intrusion 135
5.2.2 Decisional Privacy: Freedom from Interference in One’s
Personal Affairs 135
5.2.3 Informational Privacy: Control over the Flow of Personal
Information 136
5.2.4 A Comprehensive Account of Privacy 136
Scenario 5–1: Descriptive Privacy 137
Scenario 5–2: Normative Privacy 137
5.2.5 Privacy as “Contextual Integrity” 137
Scenario 5–3: Preserving Contextual Integrity in a University Seminar 138
5.3 Why is Privacy Important? 139
5.3.1 Is Privacy an Intrinsic Value? 140
5.3.2 Privacy as a Social Value 141
5.4 Gathering Personal Data: Monitoring, Recording, and Tracking Techniques 141
5.4.1 “Dataveillance” Techniques 141
5.4.2 Internet Cookies 142
5.4.3 RFID Technology 143
5.4.4 Cybertechnology and Government Surveillance 145
5.5 Exchanging Personal Data: Merging and Matching Electronic Records 146
5.5.1 Merging Computerized Records 146
Scenario 5–4: Merging Personal Information in Unrelated Computer Databases 147
5.5.2 Matching Computerized Records 148
Scenario 5–5: Using Biometric Technology at Super Bowl XXXV 149
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5.6
Mining Personal Data 150
5.6.1 How Does Data Mining Threaten Personal Privacy? 150
Scenario 5–6: Data Mining at the XYZ Bank 151
5.6.2 Web Mining 154
Scenario 5–7: The Facebook Beacon Controversy 154
5.7 Protecting Personal Privacy in Public Space 156
Scenario 5–8: Shopping at SuperMart 157
Scenario 5–9: Shopping at Nile.com 157
5.7.1 Search Engines and the Disclosure of Personal Information 158
Scenario 5–10: Tracking Your Search Requests on Google 159
5.7.2 Accessing Online Public Records 160
Scenario 5–11: Accessing Online Public Records in Pleasantville 161
Scenario 5–12: Accessing a State’s Motor Vehicle Records Online 162
5.8 Privacy-Enhancing Technologies 162
5.8.1 Educating Users about PETs 163
5.8.2 PETs and the Principle of Informed Consent 163
5.9 Privacy Legislation and Industry Self-Regulation 164
5.9.1 Industry Self-Regulation Initiatives Regarding Privacy 164
Scenario 5–13: Controversies Involving Google’s Privacy Policy 166
5.9.2 Privacy Laws and Data Protection Principles 166
5.10 Chapter Summary 168
Review Questions 169
Discussion Questions 169
Essay/Presentation Questions 170
Scenarios for Analysis 170
Endnotes 171
References 171
Further Readings 173
c CHAPTER 6
SECURITY IN CYBERSPACE
174
6.1
Security in the Context of Cybertechnology 174
6.1.1 Cybersecurity as Related to Cybercrime 175
6.1.2 Security and Privacy: Some Similarities and Some Differences
6.2 Three Categories of Cybersecurity 176
6.2.1 Data Security: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
of Information 177
6.2.2 System Security: Viruses, Worms, and Malware 178
Scenario 6–1: The Conficker Worm 178
6.2.3 Network Security: Protecting our Infrastructure 179
Scenario 6–2: The GhostNet Controversy 179
6.3 “Cloud Computing” and Security 180
6.3.1 Deployment and Service/ Delivery Models for the Cloud 181
6.3.2 Securing User Data Residing in the Cloud 182
6.4 Hacking and “The Hacker Ethic” 183
6.4.1 What Is “The Hacker Ethic”? 184
6.4.2 Are Computer Break-ins Ever Ethically Justifiable? 186
6.5 Cyberterrorism 187
6.5.1 Cyberterrorism vs. Hacktivism 188
Scenario 6–3: Anonymous and the “Operation Payback” Attack 189
6.5.2 Cybertechnology and Terrorist Organizations 190
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6.6
Information Warfare (IW) 191
6.6.1 Information Warfare vs. Conventional Warfare 191
Scenario 6–4: The Stuxnet Worm and the “Olympic Games” Operation 192
6.6.2 Potential Consequences for Nations that Engage in IW 192
6.7 Cybersecurity and Risk Analysis 194
6.7.1 The Risk Analysis Methodology 194
6.7.2 The Problem of “De-Perimeterization” of Information Security for
Analyzing Risk 195
6.8 Chapter Summary 196
Review Questions 196
Discussion Questions 197
Essay/Presentation Questions 197
Scenarios for Analysis 197
Endnotes 198
References 198
Further Readings 200
c CHAPTER 7
CYBERCRIME AND CYBER-RELATED CRIMES
7.1
201
Cybercrimes and Cybercriminals 201
7.1.1 Background Events: A Brief Sketch 202
7.1.2 A Typical Cybercriminal 203
7.2 Hacking, Cracking, and Counterhacking 203
7.2.1 Hacking vs. Cracking 204
7.2.2 Active Defense Hacking: Can Acts of “Hacking Back” or Counter
Hacking Ever Be Morally Justified? 204
7.3 Defining Cybercrime 205
7.3.1 Determining the Criteria 206
7.3.2 A Preliminary Definition of Cybercrime 207
Scenario 7–1: Using a Computer to File a Fraudulent Tax Return 207
7.3.3 Framing a Coherent and Comprehensive Definition of Cybercrime 208
7.4 Three Categories of Cybercrime: Piracy, Trespass, and Vandalism in Cyberspace 208
7.5 Cyber-Related Crimes 209
7.5.1 Some Examples of Cyber-Exacerbated vs. Cyber-Assisted Crimes 209
7.5.2 Identity Theft 211
7.6 Technologies and Tools for Combating Cybercrime 213
Scenario 7–2: Intercepting Mail that Enters and Leaves Your Neighborhood 213
7.6.1 Biometric Technologies 214
7.6.2 Keystroke-Monitoring Software and Packet-Sniffing Programs 215
7.7 Programs and Techniques Designed to Combat Cybercrime in the United States 216
7.7.1 Entrapment and “Sting” Operations to Catch Internet Pedophiles 216
Scenario 7–3: Entrapment on the Internet 216
7.7.2 Enhanced Government Surveillance Techniques and the Patriot Act 217
7.8 National and International Laws to Combat Cybercrime 218
7.8.1 The Problem of Jurisdiction in Cyberspace 218
Scenario 7–4: A Virtual Casino 218
Scenario 7–5: Prosecuting a Computer Corporation in Multiple Countries 219
7.8.2 Some International Laws and Conventions Affecting Cybercrime 220
Scenario 7–6: The Pirate Bay Web Site 221
7.9 Cybercrime and the Free Press: The WikiLeaks Controversy 221
7.9.1 Are WikiLeaks’ Practices Ethical? 222
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7.9.2 Are WikiLeaks’ Practices Criminal? 222
7.9.3 WikiLeaks and the Free Press 223
7.10 Chapter Summary 225
Review Questions 225
Discussion Questions 226
Essay/Presentation Questions 226
Scenarios for Analysis 226
Endnotes 227
References 228
Further Readings 229
c CHAPTER 8
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISPUTES IN CYBERSPACE
8.1
230
What is Intellectual Property? 230
8.1.1 Intellectual Objects 231
8.1.2 Why Protect Intellectual Objects? 232
8.1.3 Software as Intellectual Property 232
8.1.4 Evaluating an Argument for Why It is Wrong to Copy
Proprietary Software 233
8.2 Copyright Law and Digital Media 235
8.2.1 The Evolution of Copyright Law in the United States 235
8.2.2 The Fair-Use and First-Sale Provisions of Copyright Law 236
Scenario 8–1: Making Classic Books Available Online 237
Scenario 8–2: Decrypting Security on an e-Book Reader 237
8.2.3 Software Piracy as Copyright Infringement 238
8.2.4 Napster and the Ongoing Battles over Sharing Digital Music 239
Scenario 8–3: The Case of MGM v. Grokster 241
8.3 Patents, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets 242
8.3.1 Patent Protections 242
8.3.2 Trademarks 243
8.3.3 Trade Secrets 243
8.4 Jurisdictional Issues Involving Intellectual Property Laws 244
8.5 Philosophical Foundations for Intellectual Property Rights 245
8.5.1 The Labor Theory of Property 245
Scenario 8–4: DEF Corporation vs. XYZ Inc. 246
8.5.2 The Utilitarian Theory of Property 247
Scenario 8–5: Sam’s e-Book Reader Add-on Device 247
8.5.3 The Personality Theory of Property 248
Scenario 8–6: Angela’s Bþþ Programming Tool 249
8.6 The Free Software and the Open Source Movements 250
8.6.1 GNU and the Free Software Foundation 250
8.6.2 The “Open Source Softwar…
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