Equipotential Surfaces Computer Lab Activity Lab Report on check the attachment you will find; 1- Given data and unanswered questions. 2- Report sample.

Equipotential Surfaces Computer Lab Activity Lab Report on check the attachment you will find;

1- Given data and unanswered questions.

2- Report sample.

3- class note about the topic.

4- the whole chapter in case you need anything.

Below is the Link for the lab experience, in case you need it even tho I already did it.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/charges-and-fields/latest/charges-and-fields_en.html

_______________________________________

Answer the question and write the report.

please fellow the writing sample as a guide. EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES COMPUTER LAB ACTIVITY
Name:__________________________
Remember that an equipotential surface is the set of all points around a group of
charges that are at the same potential. Hese surfaces allow us to calculate the
amount of work needed to move a charge from one spot to another. The amount
of work needed to move a charge q through a potential difference ∆V is given by:
W=q∆V
The purpose of today’s activity is to make you familiar with the shape and
appearance of these equipotential surfaces and their replationship to the electric
field.
1.
After you have logged on to the computer, go to the resources page of
the website and click the button labeled “Potential Surfaces and
Electric Fields Activity” and save it to the desktop. Open the program
from the desktop and maximize the screen. You will see an area for
grabbing charges that can be placed in the area on the screen, a green
box that allows you to change certain aspects of the area, and a
movable tool that looks like this:
It is used to find the value of the potential at any point in space and plot
the lines of equipotential in the area. The circle at the top changes
color to reflect the relative magnitude and polarity of the potential at the
point in the cross hairs. You will be using this tool to plot the potential
lines.
2.
3.
Check the box in the green window labeled “Grid.” Notice that the
major lines of the grid are at intervals of 1 meter. In the same window
check the box labeled “Show E-Field.” Once a charge is placed in the
test area, you will see arrows that represent the electric field due to the
charge.
Place one of the positive charges in the center of the test area. Notice
the electric field? Move the charge around a note what the field does.
Answer the following:
a. How does the program show the direction of the electric field at any
point?
b. How does the program show the magnitude of the electric field at
any point?
c. Where is the electric field strongest?
d. In the diagram below, draw the electric field of a positive point
charge:
4.
Move the equipotential tool around the test area and note the color
change of the circle.
a. How is it related to the voltage measured in the field?
b. Where is the voltage the highest?
Use the tool to plot equipotential lines at 1m intervals from the charge.
Fill in the table below:
Distance (m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Voltage (V)
9.127
4.494
2.986
2.240
1.801
1.502
Create a graph of the data and attach the graph to your lab. Does the
voltage due to a point charge vary directly or inversely with distance
from the charge?
In the diagram from number three, draw in the equipotential lines
around your charge.
c. How is the electric field oriented relative to the equipotential lines?
5.
Clear the test area. Place a negative charge in the test area. On the
diagram below, draw in the electric field lines and equipotential lines
for a negative charge:
a. How are the field lines oriented relative to the equipotential lines?
6.
Clear the test area. Place two positive charges a distance of 3 m apart
in the test area. Use the diagram below to draw in the field and
equipotential lines:
7.
Repeat for two negative charges:
8.
Repeat for a positive and a negative charge. This configuration is what
is called a “dipole.”
9.
Repeat for a double line of oppositely polarized charges. This will take
a little time to set up:
10.
What does the electric field of the previous configuration resemble?
11.
For all the configurations, the following should be true statements.
Circle the boldfaced choice that will make each one true.
The electric field points in the direction of increasing / decreasing voltage.
A positive charge released in an electric field will spontaneously move with / against field lines.
A positive charge released in an electric field will spontaneously move from regions of high / low
potential to regions of high / low potential.
A negative charge released in an electric field will spontaneously move with / against field lines.
A negative charge released in an electric field will spontaneously move from regions of high / low
potential to regions of high / low potential.
Measurement of Resistance
Name:
Phys. 206L.004
Lab#: 03
Due: Jan 22, 2020
Performed: Jan 28, 2019
Lab Report (Template)
OBJECTIVES:
The Lab report needs to have (as shown in the template)
•
•
(1) Heading
a. Lab info (Name, Section, Date, Lab number) should be placed on Right-Top corner
b. Title of the experiment
c. Objectives need to be spelled out (in your own words)
(2) List of Equipments used in the experiment
(3) Procedures need to be categorized and placed in:
a. Briefly state the steps followed to conduct the experiment. If steps were different from
those steps enumerated in the pre-lab, state the revised steps and explain the reasons
along with the observations.
b. Additional Measurements – describe the steps followed when additional measurements
were performed
(4) Data:
a. Tables (as needed)
b. Graphs (as needed)
(5) Analysis and Sample Calculations (as needed)
a. For results summarized in a table, show details of calculations used to compute the result
b. Error calculations
c. For results presented with a graph, show the parameters obtained
(6) Discussion: Describe observations, findings and results
(7) Summary: State conclusions and lessons learned in the experiment
EQUIPMENT LIST
•
•
PROCEDURES (Briefly restate the steps followed)
DATA (Insert the data tables and graphs here.)
ANALYSIS/Calculations, (Sample calculations, error estimation, computed results)
DISCUSSION (Present your observations)
It is a good practice to start with the Data section (tables and graphs) first. The next step is to complete
the analysis, fill in the Heading, List of Equipment, Procedures and then Analysis and Error calculations
followed by Discussion and Summary. Once the draft is put-together, print and let it simmer overnight.
Proofread and edit the draft first thing in the morning with fresh energy and insight. These steps may
need to be performed multiple times.
SUMMARY (Briefly restate objectives, findings/observations)
QUESTIONS (Answer to questions)
Phys 206L Spring2020
1 of 2 Pages
Phys 206L Spring2020
2 of 2 Pages
Summary
Electric Field
An electric field is a vector quantity defined throughout a
region of three-dimensional space. It describes the forces that
will be experienced by an electric charge if it is placed at
various locations in the field. If a positive charge is introduced,
the force on it equals the field strength times its own charge
magnitude, in the direction of the field. When a negative
charge is introduced, the force on it is opposite to the direction
of the field. The field strength is measured in newtons per
coulomb (N/C). A test charge is a small positive charge used to
measure a field.
Point charges generate electric fields. At any distance from the
charge, the strength of the field is proportional to the
magnitude of the charge and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance from the charge.
An electric field diagram is a convenient means of
representing the direction and strength of an electric field in a
region. The direction of a field line represents the local
direction of the electric field. The strength of the field at a
particular location is indicated by the proximity of the field
lines to each other around that location.
When more than one charge is present, electric fields obey the
principle of superposition. This means electric fields at any point can be added as vectors.
In an isolated, charged conductor the excess charges distribute themselves on the conductor’s surface in
a state of electrostatic equilibrium. There is no net motion of these charges. The electric field extends
perpendicularly outward from all points on the conductor’s surface, and there is no field inside the
conductor.
An electric dipole consists of a positive and a negative charge of equal magnitude, separated by a fixed
distance. A vector called the dipole moment p points from the negative to the positive charge. Its
magnitude is equal to the magnitude of either dipole charge times the distance between the charges.
When the dipole is placed in an external electric field, the dipole moment experiences a torque tending
to align it in a direction parallel to the field.
Dipoles generate electric fields. At large distances from the dipole, the strength of the field is
proportional to the magnitude of the dipole moment and inversely proportional to the cube of the
distance from the dipole. The equations on the right apply to a dipole centered at the origin, and oriented
toward the right, along the x axis. This is the dipole axis; the y axis is the bisector axis.
Chapter 24
Electric Potential
Electric Potential
Electromagnetism has been connected to the study of forces in previous
chapters.
In this chapter, electromagnetism will be linked to energy.
By using an energy approach, problems could be solved that were insoluble
using forces.
The concept of potential energy is of great value in the study of electricity.
Because the electrostatic force is conservative, electrostatic phenomena can be
conveniently described in terms of an electric potential energy.
This will enable the definition of electric potential.
Introduction
Electrical Potential Energy
When a test charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences a force.
 F⃗e =q 0 ⃗E
 The force is conservative.
If the test charge is moved in the field by some external agent, the work done by
the field is the negative of the work done by the external agent.
d ⃗s is an infinitesimal displacement vector that is oriented tangent to a path
through space.
 The path may be straight or curved and the integral performed along this
path is called either a path integral or a line integral.
Section 25.1
Electric Potential Energy, cont
The work done within the charge-field system by the electric field on the charge is
W = F⃗e⋅d ⃗s =q 0 ⃗E⋅d ⃗s
As this work is done by the field, the potential energy of the charge-field system
⃗ s
is changed by Δ U =−q0 E⋅d⃗
For a finite displacement of the charge from A to B, the change in potential
energy of the system is
Ⓑ
Δ U = U Ⓑ−U Ⓐ =−q 0 ∫ ⃗E⋅d ⃗s
Ⓐ
Because the force is conservative, the line integral does not depend on the path
taken by the charge.
Section 25.1
Electric Potential
The potential energy per unit charge, U/qo, is the electric potential.
 The potential is characteristic of the field only.
 The potential energy is characteristic of the charge-field system.
 The potential is independent of the value of qo.
 The potential has a value at every point in an electric field.
The electric potential is
V=
U
q0
Section 25.1
Electric Potential, cont.
The potential is a scalar quantity.
 Since energy is a scalar
As a charged particle moves in an electric field, it will experience a change in
potential.
Ⓑ
ΔU
⃗⋅d ⃗s
ΔV ≡
=−∫ E
q0
Ⓐ
The infinitesimal displacement is interpreted as the displacement between two
points in space rather than the displacement of a point charge.
Section 25.1
Electric Potential, final
The difference in potential is the meaningful quantity.
We often take the value of the potential to be zero at some convenient point in
the field.
Electric potential is a scalar characteristic of an electric field, independent of any
charges that may be placed in the field.
The potential difference between two points exists solely because of a source
charge and depends on the source charge distribution.
 For a potential energy to exist, there must be a system of two or more
charges.
 The potential energy belongs to the system and changes only if a charge is
moved relative to the rest of the system.
Section 25.1
Work and Electric Potential
Assume a charge moves in an electric field without any change in its kinetic
energy.
The work performed on the charge is
W = ΔU = q ΔV
Units:1 V ≡ 1 J/C
 V is a volt.
 It takes one joule of work to move a 1-coulomb charge through a potential
difference of 1 volt.
In addition, 1 N/C = 1 V/m
 This indicates we can interpret the electric field as a measure of the rate of
change of the electric potential with respect to position.
Section 25.1
Voltage
Electric potential is described by many terms.
The most common term is voltage.
A voltage applied to a device or across a device is the same as the potential
difference across the device.
 The voltage is not something that moves through a device.
Section 25.1
Electron-Volts
Another unit of energy that is commonly used in atomic and nuclear physics is
the electron-volt.
One electron-volt is defined as the energy a charge-field system gains or loses
when a charge of magnitude e (an electron or a proton) is moved through a
potential difference of 1 volt.

1 eV = 1.60×10−19 J
Section 25.1
Potential Difference in a Uniform Field
The equations for electric potential between two points A and B can be simplified
if the electric field is uniform:
Ⓑ
Ⓑ
Ⓐ
Ⓐ
V Ⓑ −V Ⓐ = Δ V = −∫ ⃗E⋅d ⃗s = −E ∫ ds = −Ed
The displacement points from A to B and is parallel to the field lines.
The negative sign indicates that the electric potential at point B is lower than at
point A.
 Electric field lines always point in the direction of decreasing electric
potential.
Section 25.2
Energy and the Direction of Electric Field
When the electric field is directed
downward, point B is at a lower
potential than point A.
When a positive test charge moves
from A to B, the charge-field system
loses potential energy.
Electric field lines always point in the
direction of decreasing electric
potential.
Section 25.2
More About Directions
A system consisting of a positive charge and an electric field loses electric
potential energy when the charge moves in the direction of the field.
 An electric field does work on a positive charge when the charge moves in
the direction of the electric field.
The charged particle gains kinetic energy and the potential energy of the chargefield system decreases by an equal amount.
 Another example of Conservation of Energy
Section 25.2
Directions, cont.
If qo is negative, then ΔU is positive.
A system consisting of a negative charge and an electric field gains potential
energy when the charge moves in the direction of the field.
 In order for a negative charge to move in the direction of the field, an
external agent must do positive work on the charge.
Section 25.2
Equipotentials
Point B is at a lower potential than point A.
Points A and C are at the same potential.
 All points in a plane perpendicular to a
uniform electric field are at the same electric
potential.
The name equipotential surface is given to any
surface consisting of a continuous distribution of
points having the same electric potential.
Section 25.2
Charged Particle in a Uniform Field, Example
A positive charge is released from rest
and moves in the direction of the
electric field.
The change in potential is negative.
The change in potential energy is
negative.
The force and acceleration are in the
direction of the field.
Conservation of Energy can be used to
find its speed.
Section 25.2
Potential and Point Charges
An isolated positive point charge
produces a field directed radially
outward.
The potential difference between points
A and B will be
V Ⓑ−V Ⓐ=k e q
[
1
−
1
rⒷ rⒶ
]
Section 25.3
Potential and Point Charges, cont.
The electric potential is independent of the path between points A and B.
It is customary to choose a reference potential of V = 0 at rA = ∞.
Then the potential due to a point charge at some point r is
V =k e
q
r
Section 25.3
Electric Potential of a Point Charge
The electric potential in the plane
around a single point charge is shown.
1
The red line shows the nature of the
r
potential.
Section 25.3
Electric Potential with Multiple Charges
The electric potential due to several point charges is the sum of the potentials
due to each individual charge.
 This is another example of the superposition principle.
 The sum is the algebraic sum
qi
V =k e ∑
i ri
 V = 0 at r = ∞
Section 25.3
Electric Potential of a Dipole
The graph shows the potential (y-axis)
of an electric dipole.
The steep slope between the charges
represents the strong electric field in
this region.
Section 25.3
Potential Energy of Multiple Charges
The potential energy of the system is
.
q1q2
U =k e
r 12
If the two charges are the same sign,
U is positive and work must be done to
bring the charges together.
If the two charges have opposite
signs, U is negative and work is done
to keep the charges apart.
Section 25.3
U with Multiple Charges, final
If there are more than two charges,
then find U for each pair of charges and
add them.
For three charges:
⎛q q
qq
qq ⎞
U  ke ⎜ 1 2  1 3  2 3 ⎟
r13
r23 ⎠
⎝ r12
 The result is independent of the
order of the charges.
Section 25.3
Finding E From V
Assume, to start, that the field has only an x component.
E x =−
dV
dx
Similar statements would apply to the y and z components.
Equipotential surfaces must always be perpendicular to the electric field lines
passing through them.
Section 25.4
E and V for an Infinite Sheet of Charge
The equipotential lines are the
dashed blue lines.
The electric field lines are the brown
lines.
The equipotential lines are
everywhere perpendicular to the
field lines.
Section 25.4
E and V for a Point Charge
The equipotential lines are the dashed
blue lines.
The electric field lines are the brown
lines.
The electric field is radial.
Er =−
dV
dr
The equipotential lines are everywhere
perpendicular to the field lines.
Section 25.4
E and V for a Dipole
The equipotential lines are the dashed
blue lines.
The electric field lines are the brown
lines.
The equipotential lines are everywhere
perpendicular to the field lines.
Section 25.4
Electric Field from Potential, General
In general, the electric potential is a function of all three dimensions.
Given V (x, y, z) you can find Ex, Ey and Ez as partial derivatives:
E x =−
dV
dx
E y =−
dV
dy
E z =−
dV
dz
Section 25.4
Electric Potential for a Continuous Charge Distribution
Method 1: The charge distribution is known.
Consider a small charge element dq
 Treat it as a point charge.
The potential at some point due to this charge
element is
dV =k e
dq
r
Section 25.5
V for a Continuous Charge Distribution, cont.
To find the total potential, you need to integrate to include the contributions from
all the elements
.
dq
V =k e ∫
r
 This value for V uses the reference of V = 0 when P is infinitely far away
from the charge distributions.
Section 25.5
V for a Continuous Charge Distribution, final
If the electric field is already known from other considerations, the potential can
be calculated using the original approach:
B
V =∫ ⃗E⋅d ⃗s
A
 If the charge distribution has sufficient symmetry, first find the field from
Gauss’ Law and then find the potential difference between any two points,
 Choose V = 0 at some convenient point
Section 25.5
Problem-Solving Strategies
Conceptualize
 Think about the individual charges or the charge distribution.
 Imagine the type of potential that would be created.
 Appeal to any symmetry in the arrangement of the charges.
Categorize
 Group of individual charges or a continuous distribution?
 The answer will determine the procedure to follow in the analysis step.
Section 25.5
Problem-Solving Strategies, 2
Analyze
 General
 Scalar quantity, so no components
 Use algebraic sum in the superposition principle
 Keep track of signs
 Only changes in electric potential are significant
 Define V = 0 at a point infinitely far away from the cha…
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