Creighton University Physiology Affected by Stress and Eustress Reflection Paper After reading the required assignments for this week, summarize how your o

Creighton University Physiology Affected by Stress and Eustress Reflection Paper After reading the required assignments for this week, summarize how your own physiology may be affected by eustress and distress. Use specific examples of physiological changes discussed in the book to support your summary.I will attach photos of the texbook reading please inlcude some citations from this readings. Dilation to promote intental acuity Stressresech, however,
validates the need for quiet time for the brain. When the brain
is constantly stimulated and overstimulated these neuro-
logical impulses rewire the brain for perpetual stress.
The
The ACTH Axis
Physiologically speaking, a biochemical pathway is referred to as an axis.
In this section, we will discuss the ACTH acis. The other two axes, the
vasopressin axis and the thyroxine ads, are covered in the following
sections
The ACTH axis, also known as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
(HPA) axis (FIG. 3.6), begins with the release of corticotropin-releasing
factor (CRF) from the anterior hypothalamus. This substance activates
the pituitary gland to release ACTH, which travels via the bloodstream
to in turn activate the adrenal cortex. Upon stimulation by ACTH,
the adrenal cortex releases a set of corticosteroids (cortisol and aidos-
terone), which act to increase metabolism and alter body fluids, and
thus blood pressure, respectively. The effects of hormones released by
the adrenal cortex are considered to be prolonged because they activate
their functions for minutes to hours. Note that increased secretions of
cortisol in the blood act primarily to ensure adequata supplies of blood
glucose for energy metabolism. However, when increasingly high
levels of cortisol are observed because of chronic stress, this hormone
compromises the integrity of several physiological systems
duces and secretes a host of corticosteroide tee, cortisol and
aldosterone).
The Vasopressin Axis
Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the
hypothalamus but is released by the pituitary through a special portal
system. The primary purpose of vasopressin is to regulate fluid loss
through the urinary tract. It does this in a number of ways, including
water reabsorption and decreased perspiration. By altering blood vol-
ume, however, it also has a pronounced effect on stroke volume, or the
amount of blood that is pumped through the left ventricle of the heart
with each contraction. Consequently, ADH has a pronounced effect on
blood pressure. Under normal circumstances, ADH regulates blood
pressure by either increasing blood volume(changing the concentra-
tion of water in the blood) should it be too low, or decreasing
blood vol-
ume when it becomes too high. Under the influence of chronic stress,
however, many regulatory mechanisms in the body lose their ability
to maintain physiological homeostasis. Consequently, the increased
secretions of vasopressin produced under duress will increase blood
pressure even when someone already has elevated resting values: this
is known as hypertension. The purpose of vasopressin as well as aldos-
terone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine is to increase blood pressure
to ensure that active muscles receive oxygenated blood, but under
chronie stress in a resting state this hormonal response–the abun-
dance of stress hormones is literally overkill, leading to hypertension.
and ultimately death caused by Coronary Heart Disease (CHD.
ical science’s love affair with functional magnetic resonance
imaging continues to explore the brain under stress.
The Thyroxine Axis
Stimulation in the hypothalamus triggers the release of thyrotropic
hormone-releasing factor (TRF). TRF is transported through a special
portal system to the anterior portion of the pituitary, where it stimu-
lates the secretion of thyrotropic hormone (TTH). Once in the blood-
stream, TTH follows a path to the thyroid gland, which stimulates the
release of two more hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The
purpose of these two hormones is to increase overall metabolism, or
basal metabolic rate (BMR). Thyroxine is powerful enough to double
one’s rate of metabolism. Note that the effects of this pathway are very
prolonged. Because the production of thyroxine takes several days, it
may be 10 days to 2 weeks before visible signs manifest as significant
symptoms through this pathway. This explains why you may come
down with a cold or flu a week after a very stressful encounter rather
than the day after. The metabolic effects of thyroxine released through
this pathway are increased workload on the heart muscle, increased
gastrointestinal activity (e.g., gastritis), and, in some cases, a condition
called cerebration or cerebral excitivity, which is associated with anxi-
ety attacks and/or in somnis.
A Parable of Psychophysiology
Ametaphor can be used to illustrate the three pathways discussed ear-
lier (PIG. 3.7). Let us say that your life is in danger because of a classified
CIA document you inadvertently stumbled across, and you now pose
a threat to national security. You want to deliver a message and a copy
of this document to your family, who live a few hundred miles away, to
let them know your life is in danger. This message is, of course, very
important and you want to make sure your family gets it, so you use
a couple of methods to ensure its delivery. First you immediately text
message your parents because it is the quickest way to deliver the mes-
sage, and the message is received instantaneously. This is like the action
of the sympathetic nervous system. As a backup, you send an email in
case no one responds to the text. This form of communication is fairly
quick, taking perhaps minutes, and is equivalent to the preganglionic
nerve to the adrenal medulla. And because you also need to send a copy
of the document to further explain the contents of your message, you
ship a package via overnight delivery. This means of communication
allows more comprehensive information to be sent, but it takes much
longer. It is like the neuroendocrine pathways. Similarly, our bodies are
composed of several communication systems, each with its own time
element and function, the overall purpose being to prepare the body for
physical survival. As illustrated by this story, there are many backup
systems, fast and slow, to get the message through.
s
Immediate
eflects
Intermediate
effects
Prolonged
effects
Text message
Email
or phone call
Overnight
delivery
Flushed face
Nauseous
feeling
in stomach
Rapid heart rate
Suppressed
immune
system
Muscle tension
FIGURE 3. Detta betwee taset cette
thehuna: bal livescore than Stock
Three Decades of Brain Imaging Research
Prior to thestart of each decade, the medical profession selects one area
of human physiology to study in-depth. In 1990, the brain was chosen
as the target of this research. This area proved so fascinating that many
researchers added a second decade to the data collection, despite the fact
that the medical community deemed the decade 2000-2010 the bone
and joint decade. With the advancement of electromagnetic technology
and magnetic resonance imaging (neuroimaging), thousands of stud-
ies have been conducted to determine which aspects of the brain are
active in a variety of mental states and thought processes (Anderson,
2015). Despite recent news in 2016 that a bug was found in the com-
puter program that analyzes fMRI data, suggesting that many of the
findings were invalid, scientists continue to advocate the importance
of brain research in unlocking one of the greatest mysteries known to
humanity (Anderson, 2015). So enchanted have researchers become
with brain physiology, as depicted through MRI technology, a multi-
tude of studies have dominated non-disease-related brain physiology
research and most likely will for some time to come. Although MRIs can
help determine brain structure and specific physiology, it is the elec-
troencephalagraph (EEG) that is currently needed to best understand
brain function. Only recently have the dots been connected to provide
a more accurate understanding of this most complex human organ.
Bruce
McEwen is one researcher working in this area. In his book The
End of Stress as We Know It, McEwen synthesizes much of this informa-
tion, including the work of his protégé Robert Sapolsky, author of the
acclaimed book Wry Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers. Here are some highlights
from McEwen’s research:
– The hippocampus and the amygdala together form conscious
memories of emotional events.
The hippocampus is hishly sensitive to the stress hormone
cortisol, which aids in memory
formation estress.
The hippocam.pus region is rich in receptor sites for glucocor
The amygdala is responsible for the emotional content оr
memory, Partly fear,
u kepadeve
tisol accelerates the aging

Purchase answer to see full
attachment