Columbia Southern University Business Mandatory Indirect Benefits Discussion After reading the article, compose your critique by addressing the items liste

Columbia Southern University Business Mandatory Indirect Benefits Discussion After reading the article, compose your critique by addressing the items listed below.

Explain the main topic/question of the article.
Explain and identify mandatory indirect benefits addressed in the article.
Discuss factors to consider in determining how to offer and select benefits according to the article.
Take what you have learned from the article, and apply the concepts to your life by explaining whether you support mandatory indirect benefits and describing how they can affect you.

Your critique should be at least two pages in length, not counting the title page and the references page. The critique should include at least two sources—one being the article and one being another credible source. Be sure that any citations or references are in proper APA format.

I have attached a guide and the article that is being referenced.

Beller, M. D. (2014). Mandated benefits, good or bad? At N.Y. hearing, reviews are mixed. Insurance Advocate, 19. UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE
Development Across the Life Span
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VI
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain basic cognitive functions.
5.1 Relate theories of cognitive development to real-world scenarios.
5.2 Describe stages of cognitive development during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood.
5.3 Determine effective ways of dealing with developmental crises.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
5.1
5.2
5.3
Learning Activity
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8
Unit VI Case Study
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8
Video: Special Topics: Risky Behavior and Brain Development
Video: The Basics: How Thinking Develops
Video: Play Styles
Unit VI Case Study
Unit Lesson
Chapter 8
Video: Remembering and Honoring the Dead Across Cultures
Unit VI Case Study
Reading Assignment
Chapter 8: Development across the Life Span
A link to Chapter 8 of the eTextbook is provided in the Unit VI Required Reading area of Unit VI in
Blackboard.
View the following four videos in MyPsychLab. You can access the videos by clicking the links provided in
Unit VI Required Reading area in Blackboard. (You must be logged into Blackboard in order to access any
MyPsychLab features.)




The Basics: How Thinking Develops
Play Styles
Special Topics: Risky Behavior and Brain Development
Remembering and Honoring the Dead Across Cultures
Unit Lesson
Development Across the Life Span
Carrying and giving birth to multiple babies at once has risks, and some may consider the situation
overwhelming. Can you recall hearing about Nayda Suleman, also known as Octo-Mom? She became
famous back in 2009 when she gained notoriety after becoming pregnant via in vitro fertilization. She actually
gave birth to eight babies at once. What are your thoughts? Do you think having multiple births at once is
PSY 1010, General Psychology
1
safe? If you were Nayda, would you have been concerned about the numerous
risksx related
developmental
UNIT
STUDYtoGUIDE
complications? In your opinion, should she have been concerned about her babies’
Title cognitive development?
Within this unit, you will learn about the development of life from one’s conception until death. You will want to
pay close attention to the section on prenatal development. According to Ciccarelli and White (2017), there
are numerous factors that can negatively impact or harm one’s baby. Did you know that research has shown
that smoking cigarettes can not only harm the mother, but it can present challenges for the fetus as well?
However, do you think it is possible to stop pregnant moms from smoking? Can you formulate some ideas
that would be helpful to improve this potential issue? Furthermore, another negative element that can directly
harm the fetus is the pregnant mother’s level of stress. Stop and ponder this critical fact for a moment. Can
you strategize creative ways in which you could help a pregnant mother eliminate, or at least decrease, her
level of stress? Ciccarreli and White (2017) stress the importance of avoiding certain dangers to prevent
numerous complications.
How does your baby relax? Does he or she enjoy reclining in a baby swing while
watching a cartoon and sipping on a warm bottle of the yummy white stuff? Do
you believe that certain forms of media like videos or music on the market can
remarkably increase a baby’s intelligence quotient (IQ) and brain development?
Christakis (2009) purports that introducing a baby to television at a very young
age could possibly stunt or delay the development of the baby, particularly in
relation to language progression. Additional research has revealed that when
children are exposed to excessive amounts of television as babies, they can have
an increased tendency to endure issues related to attention deficits. One might
consider this research when determining the amount of time baby spends in front
of a screen.
(Greenland, 2009)
Were you a working parent? Did you have to take your child to daycare while you
earned a living? Were you ever fearful that taking your child to daycare could
negatively impact or diminish his or her development?
Attachment
Within this unit, you will learn about the different types of attachment. Can you recall the first time that you
took your baby to a sitter? Did you fear that the caregiver would form a stronger bond, or attachment, with
your baby during the day while you were working? Did you think your baby might experience separation
anxiety when you had to leave him or her? Pay close attention to the different attachment styles described by
Mary Ainsworth and colleagues to see if you agree with their findings.
Ciccarelli and White (2017) describe important research from one foundational scholar in this field. In fact,
Harry Harlow is well-known for his work with attachment theory. In essence, many psychologists during this
period argued that babies were attached to their mothers because they associated them with meeting their
basic needs of thirst and hunger. In essence, they believed that the mom represented a secondary
reinforcement that brought pleasant feelings. However, Harlow believed that attachment had more influences
than mere food. In fact, he sought to ascertain any issues related to contact comfort that might arise by
observing interactions between rhesus monkeys and props that were simulated to serve as their mothers.
One simulated mom was made from wire. The other mom was comprised of cloth and foam. Both of the fake
moms had bottles of milk attached. Harlow wanted to determine if the monkey would become attached to the
simulated mom simply because she had food. What do you think was the outcome? Do you think that
monkeys preferred one of the simulated mothers over the other? Do you think a baby values a soft touch,
regardless if the person is feeding him or her? How critically important is contact with a baby or small child for
that matter?
Types of Development
Additional exploration of this chapter will reveal research that relates to language and social development. In
fact, Clark-Stewart (1991) suggested that children can do well, if not better, outside of the home. She
examined the social and intellectual development of 150 children who were aged 2 to 4. It was discovered
that children who had attended daycare facilities had cognitive development levels that were farther advanced
PSY 1010, General Psychology
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when compared with children who had remained at home with their mothers orUNIT
personal
babysitters.
x STUDY
GUIDEThis
research provides encouraging details for parents who worry about their children’s
Titlefutures. Do not feel guilty if
you are not a stay-at-home parent. Your son or daughter could be more advantaged than you realize.
Think back to your adolescent years. Did you strive to please your parents? On the other hand, did it mean
more to you to fit in with your friends? What do you think about teens today? Should we hold them fully
responsible for their behaviors or misbehaviors in certain situations?
Ciccarrelli and White (2017) further discuss moral, cognitive, and gender development in this chapter. As you
peruse the material, begin to examine any moral dilemmas that you faced as a teen. Who was included in
your support system? Was it difficult to make certain value-based decisions? You will learn about Lawrence
Kohlberg and his research in this area. Kohlberg believe that one’s ability to ascertain right from wrong was
akin to an evolutionary process over time that involves one’s ability to correctly embrace cognitive processing
skills. Let’s examine his reasoning. Think back to when you were young. Did you obey your parents because
you wanted to please them or primarily because you feared the punishment you would be forced to endure if
you did not obey? As you matured, did you slowly begin to value acceptance from your peers as well as
loyalty from them? What is your perspective now? As an adult, would you say that you are highly influenced
by morals that were instilled in you as a child or basic life principles that you have embraced as you have
matured? What are your thoughts in relation to Kohlberg’s views?
Should a teen be sent to prison if he or she commits murder? Research has been conducted that purports
that our brains are not fully mature until our early to mid-20s. In fact, some scholars posit that the frontal
lobes—the portions in our brains where reasoning primarily occurs—are quite often the one of the last
sections to fully mature. In fact, certain studies have argued that teenagers experience difficulties when trying
to control their impulses. So, based on this research, what do you think? Should a 16-year-old who commits a
horrendous crime be punished even though his or her brain is still developing?
Breast Milk or Formula?
Did you know that research exists that supports that babies should consume breast milk as opposed to
formula due to all of the benefits associated with the former? McCartney (2007) reviewed numerous studies,
which revealed a correlation between breastfeeding and higher IQ scores. Quite frankly, many studies have
shown that IQ scores that show differences as much as 6-7 points in children who received breast milk.
However, do not jump on the breast milk bandwagon too quickly. There is opposing research that questions
this correlation. In fact, these antagonists argue that numerous variables combine that impact a child’s level of
intelligence. The mother’s IQ, ethnicity, and socioeconomic stability must also be factored as well. What are
your thoughts? Do you think breast milk is the best milk for a baby?
Conclusion
As you conclude your examination of this unit, take a
moment to examine your own hopes and dreams. Do you
believe one’s beginning in life will directly impact his or her
ending? Have you heard of a mid-life crisis? Do you know
someone who has experienced such? What physical
changes in your body do you dread as you get older? If you
found out there were certain measures that you could
embrace to be proactive to prevent depression or memory
loss, would you be willing to try those methods? Can you
predict how you will feel as you face your final stages in life
and approach the death and dying process? Succinctly, do
you think the ending of your story can be better than the
beginning was?
(Charlieaja, n.d.)
PSY 1010, General Psychology
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References
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Charlieaja. (n.d.). Changes ahead, ID 56407860 [Photograph]. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-changes-ahead-open-road-image56407860
Christakis, D. A. (2009). The effects of infant media usage: What do we know and what should we learn? Acta
Pædiatrica, 98(1), 8–16.
Ciccarelli, S. K., & White, J. N. (2017). Psychology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Pearson.
Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1991). A home is not a school: The effects of child care on children’s development. In
S. L. Hofferth & D. A. Phillips (Eds.), Child Care Policy Research. Journal of Social Issues, 47(2),
105–124.
Greenland. (2009). Baby watching TV, ID 11157737 [Photograph]. Retrieved from
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-baby-watching-tv-image11157737
McCartney, M. (2007). Mixed messages over breast milk and brainy babies. British Medical Journal,
335(7629), 1074.
Suggested Reading
For a review of this unit’s concepts, you are encouraged to view the PowerPoint presentation for the chapter
reading by clicking on either of the links provided below.
Click here for the Chapter 8 PowerPoint Presentation. Click here for a PDF of the presentation.
Learning Activities (Nongraded)
Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit
them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information.
In the Nongraded Learning Activities area of Unit VI in Blackboard, you will find MyPsychLab links to access
the following resources. They can help you to assess your understanding of this unit’s concepts.


Study the Flashcards: Chapter 8
Test Yourself: Chapter 8: On page 353 of the eTextbook, there is a Test Yourself section. You can
take the quiz to assess your understanding of the chapter material.
PSY 1010, General Psychology
4
[LOOKING BACK… Insurance Advocate, 2 5 years ago]
Mandated Benefits, Good Or Bad?
At N.Y. Hearing, Reviews Are Mixed
By MARGO D. BELLER
Are mandatory health care benefits hazard­
ous to the health of New York’s insurance and
business communities?According to these in­
terests, being forced to offer such coverages
as outpatient treatment of alcoholism or sub­
stance abuse, mammography screening, home
health care or maternity care coverage could
drive industry to sell insurance, increases the
Inumber of uninsured workers and deprive the
state of needed income from the businesses
that would be forced to close because of the
prohibitive cost of providing insurance.
Then there is the scenario voiced by medical
and other health care-related interests: without
mandated care, large numbers of people who
need health care coverage would not be able
to afford it; an expansion of mandated benefits
is needed.
Both sides voiced their views on October 25
when the Senate Democratic Task Force on
Health Insurance chaired by Sen. Martin M.
Solomon held a public hearing in New York
City.
“State mandated benefits are a predictable
strategy fora society whose fondness for public
services far exceeds its willingness to pay for
them,” stated Jon R. Gabel, associate director
of Policy Development and Research with the
Washington, D.C.-based Health Insurance As­
sociation of America. “One appealing facet of
employer-mandated benefits is that they seem­
ingly extend the protection of society’s safety
net without raising taxes.
“In reality, however, mandated benefits con­
stitute a tax on employer-sponsored health in­
surance — pricing out of the insurance market
many of the most vulnerable members of the
workforce.”
COST WILL INCREASE
“The cost for the mandate will continue to
increase every year, adding to the financial
burden on employers and employees. Costs
will increase not only because of the spiraling
increases in health care costs in general, but
also because health insurance coverage will
increase demand,” argued Edward Reinfurt,
vice president of the Business Council of New
York State.
“Small employers often cannot afford to selfinsure. The only option for a small employer
faced with spiraling increases in health care
costs, exacerbated by mandated benefits, is to
eliminate employee health insurance entirely,”
warned Christopher Booth of Hinman, Straub.
Pigors & Manning, legislative counsel for the
New York State Conference of Blue Cross and
Blue Shield Plans.
Sitting in the middle is the state’s Insurance
Department. Outlining the department’s posi­
tion was Mary A. Griffin, executive assistant
to Superintendent James Corcoran. All legisla­
tion that would mandate benefits or services
of additional providers would be opposed by
the department “unless there was a potential
for cost savings or that the mandate involves
FORCED TO ESTIMATE
Thus, she said, the department is forced to
estimate the cost as a percentage of the typical
premium for a comprehensive health insurance
policy. For example, she noted, in the case of
alcoholism and substance abuse the department
concluded that “under a typical group major
medical policy, the percentage of total pre­
mium that would be attributable to a total pack­
age of inpatient and outpatient alcoholism and
substance abuse benefits would be 2 percent
of the comprehensive premium with approxi­
mately 1.6 percent for inpatient coverage and
.4 percent for outpatient coverage.”
Mandated coverage for alcoholism and sub­
stance abuse was the primary thrust of Susan
Jacobs, an attorney with the Legal Action Cen­
ter of New York. Calling alcoholism and drug
addiction “among the most significant public
health problems facing the State of New York.”
Jacobs pointed out that “large numbers of
people with alcohol and durg problems are not
in treatment because they cannot afford it. In­
deed, many group health insurance policies do
not allow someone in desperate need of treat­
ment to obtain reimbursement for that neces­
sary medical care and there is no requirement
that they do so.
“When New York State mandated outpatient
coverage for addiction treatment in 1983 and
1988, insurers were only required to make
available inpatient coverage. It is clear from
the seriousness of the addiction problems that
we have in this state that…available coverage
is not good enough.”
Jacobs disagreed with the contention of the
insurance industry, as typified by the position
of Peter J. Flanaean. Dresident of the Life In­
surance Council of New York (L1CONY), that
mandated benefits interfere with the insurer
and policyholder’s ability to design health ben­
efits to meet the “specific needs” of the
policyholder (particularly for multi-state or na­
tional employers), interfere with the collective
bargaining process between employers and
their unions, increase the difficulty employers
have in meeting increases in premiums, en­
courage large and medium-sized employers to
become self-insured (self-insured companies
are not required to offer the mandated cover­
ages) and encourage businesses to leave the
state in an effort to contain their labor costs.
Rather, asserted Jacobs, mandated coverage
for in-patient treatment could actually save the
insurance industry money. “Studies show that
insurance companies are already paying high
costs for alcoholism and substance abuse by
covering the complications and consequences
of the addiction rather than treating the primary
illness.” she pointed out.
As an example, she quoted from a study
conducted by Blue Cross/Blue Shield of
California of enrolled state employees. 197379, showing that prior to entering treatment,
“monthly medical bills for alcoholics and their
families averaged $135; the average medical
costs for non-alcoholics and their families were
$20 per month. Five years later, the monthly
medical costs for families in which the al­
coholic had completed treatment had dropped
to $22 while inflation had brought the non-al­
coholic families’ medical expenses to $50 per
month.”
CLAIMS DOUBTED
She scoffed at insurer claims that mandated
benefits to cover alcoholism and drug depen­
dency treatment services would increase costs
and premiums to the realm of unaffordability
or force more companies into self-insurance,
thus reesulting in a loss of quality and comprhensive health insurance for many subscrib­
ers.
As to this latter concern, she quoted a 1983
study by the American Psychiatric Association
which indicated that 95 percent of self-insured
companies Surveyed voluntarily include cover­
age for alcoholism and drug abuse treatment
services. This finding, she claimed, “indicates
that the movement toward self-insurance is in
no way related to legislative mandates for al­
coholism and drug treatment benefits.”
She concluded that the Insurance Law in
New York “was amended to require outpatient
coverage for those suffering from alcoholism
in 1983, and amended again in 1987 to require
outpatient coverage for substance abusers.
Now is the time to make inpatient care available
to all New Yorkers who need it.”
The New York State Council of Blue Cross
and Blue Shield Plans countered with a study
of its own. Claiming that mandated benefits
cost the Blues more than $1.5 billion annually,
with almost 20 percent of the premiums
charged to employers to pay the cost of man­
dated benefits, Christopher Booth cited the ex­
ample of Massachusetts and its experience with
Insurance Advocate
4
42 November 22,2014 /
an overriding public policy of the state.”
However, she continued, the department
will support legislation that would require
health insurers to “make available” certain ben­…
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