BSC 1010 BCC Chapters Study Guide & Codon Chart Worksheet Need help filling out a study guide and also several worksheets. (One worksheet missing, couldn’t

BSC 1010 BCC Chapters Study Guide & Codon Chart Worksheet Need help filling out a study guide and also several worksheets. (One worksheet missing, couldn’t upload)Due July 28 Answers Red. Word Document.Thank you VC BSC 1010c
Foxson
STUDY GUIDE – Exam 4 (Final) – Covers Chapters 16,17,18,20
DNA – The Genetic Material (Chapter 16)
–
–
What were some of the 1st experiments to demonstrate that DNA acts as genetic
material? Understand how these experiments worked and what they showed.
What is ‘Transformation’? How did Frederick Griffith use transformation in mice to
demonstrate DNA acts as genetic material? Draw this experiment out.
What is the mechanism behind transformation?
Who was Oswald Avery? What were his experiments?
What is a bacteriophage? How did Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use
bacteriophage to demonstrate DNA as the genetic material? Know the details of their
experiments. Draw this experiment out.
Understand the mechanism of centrifugation.
What monomers build DNA? What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
Ribose vs deoxyribose, purine vs pyridine.
What are the base-pairing rules and why are these so? What are the purines?
Pyrimidines?
Who were Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins? What do they have to do with the
story of DNA?
Who were James Watson and Francis Crick? What do they have to do with the story
of DNA?
Know the organization of a DNA molecule. What is meant by 5’→ 3’ and 3’ → 5’?
Draw this out.
What types of different bonds make up DNA? Hydrogen vs covalent.
How does DNA replicate? Discuss semiconservative replication. Draw this out.
How was this method of replication demonstrated by Matthew Meselson and Franklin
Stahl? Know the details of their experiments. Draw this experiment out.
What enzymes carryout DNA replication? Know how each of these enzymes
function! (DNA POLIII, POL II, POL I, Helicase, Ligase, Primase, Gyrase, SSBP)
Why does the anti-parallel nature of DNA pose a problem during replication?
How does replication differ between the leading and lagging strand? Draw this out.
How does DNA replication differ in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
How efficient is DNA replication?
What is DNA end replication problem and what are telomeres?
From Gene to Protein (Chapter 17)
–
DNA is decoded to produce what diverse macromolecules that act to build/run life?
(Proteins link Genotype to Phenotype)
1
–
–
–
–
What is a gene? How much of our DNA is actually coding? WOW!
What does the remaining 98.5% DNA code for? Provide examples.
How did Beadle and Tatum demonstrate that DNA specifically codes for proteins?
Draw this experiment out.
Does DNA directly code for protein? What is the role of RNA? What is
Transcription? Translation? Where do they occur? What do they do?
How does RNA differ from DNA?
Transcription consists of 3 phases.
– Initiation – How does this differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Explain
transcription initiation. What site does it occur on what enzymes are involved. Draw
this out.
– Elongation – What enzyme catalyzes this? How does it work? Draw this out.
– Termination – What stops transcription?
mRNA is processed before Translation in “Eukaryotes” only
– How is mRNA processed? What is the function of each of the step? Draw this
out. 5’ cap, 3’ Poly A tail, Splicing
– What is alternative splicing? What is its function? Provide an example.
What is the ‘Genetic Code’? What are codons? Why are there more codons than
amino acids? What is redundancy?
Know the 1 start and 3 stop codons and be able to interpret the genetic code.
How was it determined that the genetic code is a triplet code and unpunctuated?
Know this experiment.
What molecule catalyzes translation? What is the organization of a tRNA molecule?
How are tRNA molecules activated? (aminoacyl tRNA synthase)
How many tRNA molecules are there? What is wobble?
What is the structure of a ribosome? Where are ribosomes produced? What is so
unique about rRNA? Ribozymes!
Know the different types of RNA molecules
Translation consists of 3 phases – Know what occurs during each phase and what
components are involved.
– Initiation – How does this occur? Know these steps! Draw this process out.
What is the start codon?
– Elongation consists of 3 stages – Codon recognition, peptide bond formation,
and translocation. Know these steps! Draw this process out.
– Termination – How does this occur? Know these steps! Draw this process out.
What are the stop codons?
What can occur to proteins post translation? (Targeting, processing)
How does translation differ in prokaryotes?
What are mutations? What are the different types of mutations? Which are the most
severe? Provide an example.
What are some ways mutations can develop? Provide an example.
The genetic code is universal – what does this mean? Provide an example.
2
Gene Regulation (Chapter 18)
– Why does gene regulation need to occur? Provide an example.
– How does gene regulation occur in prokaryotes? Regulation of expression of a gene vs.
adjusting activity of enzymes already present.
– Explain the tryptophan biosynthesis pathway. Draw out this pathway and mechanism of
regulation.
– What is an operon? (promoter and operator) Who were Jacob and Monod?
– Draw out the trp operon.
– Explain the process of operon repression. When would this occur? (when the molecule
that is to be made is already present in high quantities) Draw this mechanism out.
– How does a co-repressor work?
– Explain an inducible operon. (ex. genes that code for enzymes used in the metabolism
of lactose, when lactose is absent operon is turned off). Draw the lac operon out and how it
works.
– What is an inducer? Provide an example.
– Negative vs Positive gene control. Anabolic vs Catabolic pathways.
– Glucose and cAMP/CRP pathway – draw this out.
DNA Technology (Chapter 20)
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–
What are some types of biotechnology? Provide examples.
What is genetic engineering? Provide examples.
A typical Genetic Engineering experiment involves 5 simple steps and is easy to
understand – What are the steps?
What are restriction enzymes? Where are they from? How do they function? Provide
an example and draw a RE recognition site out.
How can you isolate DNA that has been cut with restriction enzymes? How does
Agarose gel electrophoresis work? What charge does DNA have? Does it move to +
or – End? What size molecules move fastest in agarose gel electrophoresis? Draw this
out.
What is a cloning vector used for? What are the different types of closing vectors?
What are plasmids and why do they make ideal cloning vectors? Provide an example.
What is a cloning host? What are the most commonly used cloning hosts and why?
What are the various ways to insert DNA into a cloning host? What is conjugation?
Transduction? Transformation? Draw this out.
What are some various methods to make sure your transformation worked (lacZ
selection?)
What is cDNA? How is it produced and why is it useful?
What is PCR? How was it first developed and how does it work? Draw out how PCR
works.
What are some practical application examples for PCR?
What are some practical applications for genetic engineering?
– Medicine? Gene therapy?
– Forensics? What are RFLPs and their role in DNA fingerprinting?
3
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– Agriculture? What is so useful about the Ti plasmid?
– What is the story with GMOs?
What is Eugenics? What are the ethical considerations?
What was the Human Genome Project? How was it conducted? What was learned
from it?
What are the different classes of DNA sequences found in the human genome?
What is the proteome? Why is deciphering it the next task?
4
Amoeba Sisters Video Companion for How to Read a Codon Chart
1. Please label the
following five words on the
image below: tRNA,
mRNA, codon, amino acid,
and anticodon.
2. When reading a codon chart, unless otherwise specified, you generally use the three bases that are part of the:
CIRCLE ONE:
tRNA anticodon
mRNA codon
DNA codon
DNA anticodon
3. The codon chart demonstrates that more than one codon can potentially code for the same amino acid.
CIRCLE ONE:
TRUE
FALSE
4. The information in this rectangular codon chart could be represented in a different way (ex: circular codon chart).
CIRCLE ONE:
TRUE
FALSE
5. How many different codon combinations are shown on this codon chart? ______________________________________
6. How many different types of amino acids are shown on this codon chart? ______________________________________
Codon Example 1
Codon Example 2 from Video
Codon Example 3 from Video
from Video
Try working through this before checking your
Try working through this before checking your
answers in the video!
answers in the video!
mRNA Codon:
mRNA Codon:
mRNA Codon:
CCA
GUC
AUG
tRNA Anticodon:
UAC
Amino Acid:
methionine
tRNA Anticodon:
7.______________________________________
tRNA Anticodon:
9._______________________________________
Amino Acid:
8.______________________________________
Amino Acid:
10.______________________________________
Amoeba Sisters Video Companion for How to Read a Codon Chart
11. The video gave an example of identifying codons for an amino acid. Which six mRNA codons code for leucine?
____________
____________
____________
____________
12. What would be the six tRNA anticodons for the above mRNA codons?
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
13. What would be the DNA base triplets on the DNA template strand that complement the mRNA? One example has been
filled in for you!
____AAT_____
____________
____________
TRUE or FALSE?
14. ________Changing one base letter on a mRNA codon
will always change the amino acid it codes for.
____________
____________
____________
TRUE or FALSE?
18. ________The mRNA codons GCU and GCC would share
the same tRNA anticodon.
15. Why or why not? _______________________________
19. Why or why not? _______________________________
_________________________________________________
TRUE or FALSE?
16. ________The mRNA codon UGG is the only codon that
codes for the amino acid tryptophan.
_________________________________________________
20. Stop codons can signal the end of a polypeptide. What
are the three stop codons?
____________
____________
____________
TRUE or FALSE?
17. ________ The mRNA codon UCU and AGU code for the
same amino acid.
21. AUG is generally a start codon. What is the amino acid
that AUG codes for?
_________________________________________________
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA Replication
1. To understand DNA replication, we need to understand
the “why.” Why does DNA need to replicate before cells
divide?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
In the below DNA diagram, label ONE of each bolded term:
2. Deoxyribose (sugar). Total number in image? _________
3. Nitrogenous base. Total number in image? ___________
4. Hydrogen bond. Total number in image? _____________
5. Phosphate.
6. Label 5’ to 3’ strand and 3’ to 5’ strand.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3. DNA Replication has many key players! These are just a few of the major key player enzymes. In your own words,
describe each of their functions in DNA replication.
Helicase:____________________________________________________________________________________________
DNA Polymerase:_____________________________________________________________________________________
Primase:____________________________________________________________________________________________
Ligase:______________________________________________________________________________________________
Your turn to narrate! Narrate the illustrations below to explain the sequence of events occurring in DNA replication.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Label the leading and lagging strands in the last picture. Explain what is meant by the “lagging” strand and why this occurs.
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA vs. RNA & Protein Synthesis UPDATED
Whose Show Is This?
DNA shouldn’t get all the credit! For this portion, check out the Amoeba Sisters DNA vs. RNA video.
Then, write “D” if for DNA, “R” if for RNA, or “BOTH” if it pertains to both DNA and RNA.
1._________ I am a nucleic acid.
2._________ I am usually single-stranded.
3._________ I am generally found both inside and outside of the nucleus [in eukaryotic cells].
4._________ I am arranged as a double helix, and my shape is often described as a “twisted ladder.”
5._________ I include bases guanine, cytosine, and adenine.
6._________ Each of my nucleotides includes a phosphate, sugar, and base.
7._________ I include the base uracil.
8._________ I include the base thymine.
9._________ I generally remain in the nucleus [in eukaryotic cells].
10.________ I have the sugar deoxyribose.
11.________ I am made up of nucleotides.
12.________ I have the sugar ribose.
For the following discussed RNA types, complete the missing information in the boxes below.
Some boxes have been filled in for you.
Type: mRNA
13. Type: ______________________
14. Type: ______________________
Stands for:
Stands for:
Stands for:
15.___________________________
16. ___________________________
Transfer RNA
Sketch to Help You Remember:
17.
Sketch to Help You Remember:
composed of…
Sketch to Help you Remember:
18.
(and proteins)
General Function:
General Function:
19.___________________________
20.___________________________
______________________________
______________________________
General Function:
Transfers amino acids [to area
of protein synthesis].
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA vs. RNA & Protein Synthesis UPDATED
Protein Synthesis Summary
Complete the missing information in the summary chart after watching the Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis video.
Process Name
Location
(in eukaryotic
cell)
Brief and
General
Description
End Result
Transcription
21.
22.
23.
Translation
25.
26.
27.
DNA
directly
involved?
List RNA
type(s)
involved
(yes or no?)
(mRNA,
rRNA,
and/or
tRNA?)
mRNA
only
24.
No
28.
29. Consider the illustration placed in the transcription box above. Identify and label on the illustration if any of
the following are present: DNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and/or amino acid.
30. Consider the illustration placed in the translation box above. Identify and label on the illustration if any of
the following are present: DNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and/or amino acid.
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA vs. RNA & Protein Synthesis UPDATED
Whose Show Is This?
DNA shouldn’t get all the credit! For this portion, check out the Amoeba Sisters DNA vs. RNA video.
Then, write “D” if for DNA, “R” if for RNA, or “BOTH” if it pertains to both DNA and RNA.
1._________ I am a nucleic acid.
2._________ I am usually single-stranded.
3._________ I am generally found both inside and outside of the nucleus [in eukaryotic cells].
4._________ I am arranged as a double helix, and my shape is often described as a “twisted ladder.”
5._________ I include bases guanine, cytosine, and adenine.
6._________ Each of my nucleotides includes a phosphate, sugar, and base.
7._________ I include the base uracil.
8._________ I include the base thymine.
9._________ I generally remain in the nucleus [in eukaryotic cells].
10.________ I have the sugar deoxyribose.
11.________ I am made up of nucleotides.
12.________ I have the sugar ribose.
For the following discussed RNA types, complete the missing information in the boxes below.
Some boxes have been filled in for you.
Type: mRNA
13. Type: ______________________
14. Type: ______________________
Stands for:
Stands for:
Stands for:
15.___________________________
16. ___________________________
Transfer RNA
Sketch to Help You Remember:
17.
Sketch to Help You Remember:
composed of…
Sketch to Help you Remember:
18.
(and proteins)
General Function:
General Function:
19.___________________________
20.___________________________
______________________________
______________________________
General Function:
Transfers amino acids [to area
of protein synthesis].
Amoeba Sisters Video Recap: DNA vs. RNA & Protein Synthesis UPDATED
Protein Synthesis Summary
Complete the missing information in the summary chart after watching the Amoeba Sisters Protein Synthesis video.
Process Name
Location
(in eukaryotic
cell)
Brief and
General
Description
End Result
Transcription
21.
22.
23.
Translation
25.
26.
27.
DNA
directly
involved?
List RNA
type(s)
involved
(yes or no?)
(mRNA,
rRNA,
and/or
tRNA?)
mRNA
only
24.
No
28.
29. Consider the illustration placed in the transcription box above. Identify and label on the illustration if any of
the following are present: DNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and/or amino acid.
30. Consider the illustration placed in the translation box above. Identify and label on the illustration if any of
the following are present: DNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and/or amino acid.

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