BOS 3640 Columbia Southern Interactions of Hazardous Materials Questions & PPT Question 1 When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, v

BOS 3640 Columbia Southern Interactions of Hazardous Materials Questions & PPT Question 1

When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions can occur. Section 7 of the new GHS Safety Data Sheet includes a section describing any chemical incompatibilities. Reflect on the importance of this section and a general understanding of chemical incompatibility in the workplace. What tool do you currently use and intend to use to evaluate chemical reactivity and incompatibility in your workplace?

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

Question 2

For this assignment, you will compose an essay about the concept of chemical incompatibility including practical information involving two common chemical products.

Choose bleach (a base) and another household chemical product that is an acid and review the product labels. You can access product labels and Safety Data Sheet (SDS) information on the Internet.
Record each product’s chemical formulation.
Review Section 7 of the product SDS and summarize that information as it relates to the chemical incompatibility and storage of the bleach and the other product that you chose.
Next, you will use the U.S. EPA Chemical Mixing Compatibility Chart and comment on any chemical incompatibilities associated with the product/chemical(s) that you selected. Include such information as the chemical reactions that could occur if the two products somehow became mixed with one another during an emergency response incident. Also, identify how the chemical properties, uses, and other unique hazards of these two products can affect the tasks and safety of first responders (environmental health and safety/fire service professionals) to an emergency response incident. The chart can be found by clicking here and scrolling down to page 18. There, you will find a description of the chart and the chart itself on pp. 20-21. You are not required to read the rest of the document.
Summarize and compare the usefulness of the SDS information and the compatibility chart. Were the two references in agreement, or did you find that the information was contradictory? Include a discussion on how you intend to use chemical incompatibility information to keep your workplace or home safe.

Your response must be at least one page in length. You are required to cite the SDS and the U.S. EPA Chemical Mixing Compatibility Chart in your response. All other sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced. Paraphrased and/or quoted materials must have accompanying citations in APA format. You must cite at least three sources in your response.

Question 3

Recall and reflect on a hazmat incident that has occurred in your lifetime. Describe that incident and detail the tools or resources that you would use as a first responder to evaluate the chemicals that were involved in the incident.

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

Question 4

For this assignment, you have been tasked with presenting information to your company’s board regarding a hazardous materials incident involving the transport of toxic substances that falls under the hazard classifications that we have studied so far (water/air reactive, corrosive, or toxic) identified on the following Web page(s):

http://www.csb.gov/investigations

Your presentation must include the following information:

summary of the incident;
identification of the information (hazard class, description, labels, markings, and placards) that the DOT requires when transporting toxic substances and information about workplace exposure concentrations of the substance involved in the incident;
description of the elements of the emergency response to the incident including a discussion on its environmental and human health impacts (be sure to address how the toxic substance’s chemical properties, uses, and ill effects may affect the tasks and safety of an EHS and FS professional working the incident);
Discussion of your opinion on the response to the incident

For this assignment, you will create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of at least 5 slides (not including your title slide and reference slide) containing the information described above. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced. You must include at least two sources. Paraphrased and/or quoted materials must have accompanying citations in APA format. United States
Envirormental Protection
Agency
Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
Research and Development
&EPA
A Method for
Determining the
Compatibility of
Hazardous Wastes
EPA-60012 -80-076
April 1 980
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad categories were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Environmental Health Effects Research
Environmental Protection Tec:hnology
Ecological Research
Environmental Monitoring
Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
lnteragency Energy-Environment Research and Development
“Special” Reports
Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
EPA-600/2-80-076
April 1980
A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE COMPATIBILITY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES
by
H.K. Hatayama, J.J. Chen, E.R. de Vera
R.D. Stephens, D.L. Storm
Calilfornia Department of Health Services
Berkeley, California 94704
Grant No. R804692
Project Officer
Richard A. Carnes
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
FOREWORD
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing public
and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the health and welfare of
the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled land are tragic testimonies
to the deterioration of our natural environment. The complexity of that environment
and the interplay of its components require a concentrated and integrated attack on
the problem.
Research and development is that necessary first step in problem solution; it involves
defining the problem, measuring its impact, and searching for solutions. The Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory develops new and improved technology and systems
to prevent, treat, and manage wastewater and solid and hazardous waste pollutant
discharges from municipal and community sources, to preserve and treat public drinking
water supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social, health, and aesthetic
effects of pollution. This publication is one of the products of that research and
provides a most vital communication link between the researcher and the user
community.
This study involved the development of a method for determining the compatibility of
binary combinations of hazardous wastes. A literature study was conducted of case
histories of accidents caused by the combinations of incompatible wastes, industrial
wastestream constitutents, hazardous chemical data, and basic chemical reactions.
Based on this study, the compatibility method was developed.
The method consists of a step-by-step compatibility analysis procedure and a compatiblity chart. The chart is the key element in the use of the method. Wastes to
be mixed or combined are first subjected, through the compatibility analysis procedure,
to identification and classification, and the chart is used to predict the compatibility
of the wastes on mixing.
The method will be useful in the regulation and management of hazardous wastes. It
finds its usefulness most in determining the types of wastes that may be mixed for
economic gains and. in predicting adverse reaction consequences that can inflict damage
to life, property, and the environment.
Francis T. Mayo, Director
Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory
iii
PREFACE
The enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 was in
response to the increasing attack upon the nation’s environment by the ever-expanding
volume of hazardous wastes that are disposed of to the land. This legislation has
charged the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with the responsibility of
setting up a total management system for hazardous wastes with the goal of minimizing
the impact of these wastes upon the public health and the environment and on the
conservation of national material and energy resources.
The development of such a management system requires extensive information
on waste producing processes, waste chemical compositions, and physical/chemical
characteristics, as well as the best available recovery and disposal technologies. There
are many ways in which hazardous wastes may inflict damage to public health and the
environment. These are long-term contamination of ground and surface water, pollution
of the air by volatile materials and dusts, and extensive contamination of usable land.
However, one of the more immediate and disastrous impacts results when waste products
undergo violent and toxin-producting chemical reactions which kill or maim humans
and/or destroy property. These reactions most often occur because waste handlers
have either an inadequate knowledge of chemical compositions or of how the chemical
components of different waste types interact. The objectives of this report are to:
1)
Present the chemical reactions that are likely to produce significant
hazards to waste handlers and the environment.
2)
Present a listing of chemical classes based on molecular structure and
chemical reactivity that typically occur in wastes.
3)
Provide guidelines for estimating which chemical classes occur in specific
wastestreams.
4)
Provide a method for estimating the potential consequences of mixing of
different classes of wastes.
The best available knowledge of wastestream composition, chemical thermodynamics, and reaction consequences was used to prepare the report. However, during
its preparation, the authors became aware of many areas where existing knowledge
was inadequate to make reasonably valid determinations. These areas of poor data or
background information are noted wherever possible in the report.
This document should be considered an interim report on the study of waste
interaction. The authors, with the support of the EPA, have begun actual laboratory
investigations of waste compositions and of interactions between real wastestreams,
and subsequently a final report will be prepared.
iv

It is the authors’ sincere hope that those in the waste management industry as
well as the waste regulatory agencies, will find this report useful in reducing the risk
to the public health and the environment in the handling, processing, treatment, and
·
disposal of hazardous wastes.
v
ABSTRACT
This report describes a method for determining the compatibility of binary
combinations of hazardous wastes. The method consists of two main parts, namely:
1) the step-by-step compatibility analysis procedures, and 2) the hazardous wastes
compatibility chart. The key element in the use of the method is the compatibility
chart. Wastes to be combined are first subjected through the compatibility procedures
for identification and classification, and the chart is used to predict the compatibility
of the wastes on mixing.
The chart consists of 41 reactivity groupings of hazardous wastes designated by
Reactivity Group Numbers (RGN). The RGN are displayed in binary combinations on
the chart, and the compatibility of the combinations are designated by Reaction Codes
(RC).
The method is applicable to four categories of wastes based on available
compositional information: 1) compositions known specifically, 2) compositions known
nonspecifically by chemical classes or reactivities, 3) compositions known nonspecifically
by common or generic names of wastes, 4) compositions unknown requiring chemical
analysis.
The report is intended for use in many aspects of the management of hazardous
wastes. The compatibility information that it provides can be used to determine which
wastes can or can not be mixed for economic purposes or to prevent or minimize
adverse reaction consequences.
The report is the result of a literature study of case histories of accidents
caused by the combinations of incompatible wastes, industrial wastestream constituents
and hazardous chemical data, and basic chemical reactions.
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of Research Grant No. R804692010
by the Hazardous Materials Management Section and the Hazardous Materials Laboratory
of the California Department of Health Services under the sponsorship of the Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This
report covers a period from September, 1976 to September, 1978, and work was
completed as of September, 1978.
vi
CONTENTS
Foreword • • • • • • •
Pref ace
Abstract
Figures
Acknowledgment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
iii
iv
vi
vii
ix
Introduction
Conclusions
Recommendations .
· · • ·
Method for Determining Compatibility of Hazardous Wastes · · · ·
Application · · · • • • • • • • • •
Compatibility reaction criteria • • •
Procedures for determining compatibility
Specific exam pl es
• • · • · · ·
Hazardous Waste Compatibility Chart
Introduction
• • • • • ·
Description of the chart
· • • • • • • • • • · · · · ·
Procedures for using the chart
Explanation of the multiple reaction codes
Limitations of the chart
• • • • • • • • • ·
References
Appendices
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1
5
7
8
8
8
9
10
18
18
18
19
19
19
22
List of chemical substances · • • • • • · • · • · · · • · · •
28
List of waste constituents by chemical classes or reactivities • · • · • 62
Industry index and list of generic names of. wastes · · · · • • • · · · 84
List of incompatible binary combinations of hazardous wastes by
reactivity groups and potential adverse reaction consequences
97
Case histories of accidents caused by mixing incompatible wastes • . • · 143
vii
FIGURES
Number
1.
Flow diagram for determining hazardous waste compatibility • • • • ·
13
2.
Worksheet for determining hazardous waste compatibility. •
14
3.
Completed worksheet for determining hazardous waste compatibility
when the wastestream compositions are known specifically · • · · • •
15
Completed worksheet for determining hazardous waste compatibility
when the wastestream compositions are known non-specifically by
chemical classes
· · · · · · · · · • · · ·
• • · · • · · •
16
Completed worksheet for determining hazardous waste compatibility
when wastestream compositions are known non-specifically by
generic names
· · · · ·
· · · ·
· • • • ·
17
Hazardous waste compatibility chart · · · · · · · · • · · •
20
4.
5.
6.
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special acknowledgment is given to the project officer of this study, Richard
A. Carnes of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory, for his assistance and guidance. Acknowledgment is also given
to Dr. Paul H. Williams of the Hazardous Material Management Section for his
contributions in the refinement of the hazardous waste compatibility chart.
/
ix
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The Resource Recovery and Conservation Act of 1976 (Pl 94-580) defines
hazardous waste as solid waste or a combination of solid wastes which because of its
quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may cause
or contribute to an increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or
incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or
disposed of, or otherwise managed. The law also defines solid waste to mean not only
solids but also liquids, semisolids, and contained gaseous materials.
The “combination of solid wastes” part of the definition often presents problems
in many aspects of the management of hazardous wastes. In some instances, the
combination or mixture of two or more types of the wastes produces undesirable or
uncontrolled reactions resulting in adverse consequences. These reactions may cause
any one or more of the following: 1) heat generation, 2) fire, 3) explosion, 4) formation
of toxic fumes, 5) formation of flammable gases, 6) volatilization of toxic or flammable
substances, 7) formation of substances of greater toxicity, 8) formation of shock and
friction sensitive compounds, 9) pressurization in closed vessels, 10) solubilization of
toxic substances, 11) dispersal of toxic dusts, mists, and particles, and 12) violent
polymerization. In this report, such reactions are called incompatible reactions and
the reacting wastes are called incompatible wastes.
In the review of the literature and surveys of hazardous waste management
practices, several adverse reaction consequences resulting from the mixing of incompatible hazardous wastes have been noted. These consequences have caused serious
accidents involving extensive damage to property, equipment, vegetation, and environment and/or injury or death to man ,and other living things. Analysis of the case
histories of the accidents (Appendix 5) indicates that such accidents resulted from
three primary causes.
The first primary cause is the insufficiency or inaccuracy of informatic;m about
the wastes (Appendix 5, Case History (CH) Nos. 2,5,6,7,9,11,12,16,18,19,21,22).
Hazardous wastes are often complex mixtures of chemicals. To define them usually
requires laboratory analysis which is expensive and thus often not performed. Waste
generators may not maintain adequate records of the components of their wastestreams.
In some cases, information about certain wastestreams are deleted or altered to reduce
the cost of disposal. Still, in some instances, the properties of some wastes change
with time and temperature, potentially producing more hazardous and unknown components. Persons handling the wastes often are ignorant of or pay little attention to
the inherent hazardous properties of the wastes.
1
The second primary cause of th_e accidents is indiscriminate handling of the
wastes. Often supposedly empty containers actually contain hazardous residues that
result in adverse consequences when reused (CH Nos. 2, 20, 21, 23). Haulers uninformed
of hazardous chemical interactions often top off their loads on the way to the disposal
sites, initiating violent reactions that often result in disastrous consequences (CH Nos.
1, 23). Clandestine transfers of wastes into disposal sites without attendant operators
have resulted in accidents (CH No. 9).
Rough handling of waste containers have
resulted in the rupture or leakage of highly reactive materials (CH No. 16). Inadvertent
mixing of two or more types of incompatible wastes in one vessel have resulted in
hazardous consequences (CH No. 10). Uncontrolled reactions have been known to result
from inadequately designed chemical treatment processes for purposes of detoxification
or resource recovery (CH No. 22).
The third primary cause of the accidents is indiscriminate disposal practices.
Incompatible bulk wastes have been indiscriminately mixed at disposal sites. Wastes
that are incompatible with the composition of the disposal areas have been noted at
disposal sites such as sanitary landfills, mine openings, injection wells, and burial cells
(CH Nos. 3, 4, 7, 15). Often the inexpensive or unwanted containers used to contain
wastes for disposal readily rupture or leak (CH Nos. 13, 24). Containerized wastes
irrespective of contents often are co-disposed and hazardous reactions result when the
containers rupture or leak because of corrosion and the wastes mix (CH Nos. 7, 8, 9,
14).
The method of determining waste compatibilities described in this report was
developed on the principal assumption that wastes interactions are due to the reactions
produced by the pure chemicals in the wastes. Included in this assumption is the
condition that the chemicals react at ambient temperature and pressure and that their
reactivities are uninfluenced by concentration, synergistic and antagonistic effects. In
this assumption, the compatibility of a combination of wastes can be predicted by the
reactivities of the chemical constituents in the respective wastes.
Available data indicate that hazardous wastes are ill-defined and consist of
complex mixtures generated by a great variety of sources. No two types of wastes
appear to be identical. Even a single process appears to produce different types of
wastes. Laboratory analyses· of wastes seem to be non-existent or very cursory because
of high costs and the complexity of required analytical methods. Characterization of
the wastes by the analysis of the processes and the materials used appear to give
inaccurate descriptions of the resulting wastes. The data indicate that each waste is
unique and individual reactivities may be best assessed by identifying respective chemical
constituents. This information supports the pure chemical approach used in determining
the reactivities of the wastes in the development of the compatibility method.
For convenience in referencing when using the compatibility method, the pure
chemicals known or expected to be present in hazardous wastes are classified under
41 different Reactivity Group Numbers (RGN) based on molecular functional groups or
chemical reacti vi ti es.
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
The report is organized into three main sections (Section 4 to 6) and supplemented
by five appendices (Appendices 1 to 5).
2
Section 4 is the method for determining the compatibility of binary combinations
of most hazardous wastes. The section includes the application and limitation of the
method, the compatibility reaction criteria and Reaction Codes (RC), the step-by-step
procedures, compatibility analysis flow chart, and typical examples of how to determine
compatibilities based on available information.
Section 5 contains the description and use of the hazardous wastes compatibility
chart. The chart is used to predict the potential adverse reaction consequences when
two types of wastes are mixed or allowed to come in contact with one another. In
the same section are the explanations of the multiple RC used to designate the adverse
reaction consequences and the limitations of the use of the chart.
The last part of the handbook consists of the five appendices. Appendix 1 lists
the chemical substances known or expected to be present in hazardous wastestreams.
The list was compiled from a literature search and surveys of hazardous wastes
practices. The list is used to obtain RGN of waste constituents when the composition
of wastes are known specifically.
Appendix 2 lists hazardous wastes by molecular functional groupings or classes
and by chemical reactivities. The list was compiled from the same sources as used
in Appendix 1. The appendix…
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