REL1010 Bethel College Influence of Old Testament in Healthcare Profession Paper THE OLD TESTAMENT IS ONE OF THE FORMATIVE DOCUMENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATIO

REL1010 Bethel College Influence of Old Testament in Healthcare Profession Paper THE OLD TESTAMENT IS ONE OF THE FORMATIVE DOCUMENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

How has the Old Testament, as a whole, influenced your chosen profession of Organizational Leadership and Healthcare Management?

For example, if you are in Education, you might say that students learned to read from reading the Old Testament.

If you are in Law Enforcement, you might say that many of our laws have a basis in the Old Testament.

Strive to be creative and resourceful in your answer. Go for “the big picture.”

Please consult this website before submitting this paper back to me, https://bethelu.libguides.com/researchforclass.

Also, in addition to the paper, please summarize your findings and post. This summary part should be 250 words and two scholarly sources, including the textbook (Tullock, J., & McEntire, M., (2012). The Old Testament Story, (9th Ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions), if you choose, are required. Everything is to be in APA format. S
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The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Ninth Edition
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John H. Tullock
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Professor Emeritus
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Belmont University
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The Old Testament Story
Revised by
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Mark McEntire
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Professor of Religion
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Belmont University
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Prentice Hall
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
CHAPTER
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The Book and NThose
Who Study It D
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Timeline
1200 B.C.E. First mention of Israel on the Merneptah
Stele in Egypt
,
500 B.C.E.
200 B.C.E.
100 C.E.
400 C.E.
1000 C.E.
1450 C.E.
1535 C.E.
1611 C.E.
Approximate date for the completion of the final form of the Torah
Approximate date for the beginningG
of translation of the Hebrew
scriptures into Greek
Approximate date for the closing ofA
the Hebrew canon
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Approximate date of the copying of the Vatican and Alexandrian
Codices of the Septuagint
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Copying of the Leningrad Codex Y
Invention of the printing press by Gutenburg and the production
of the first printed Bible
First complete English translation of2the Bible by Coverdale
0 of the Bible
Completion of the King James Version
Chapter Outline
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II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
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The Old Testament: What Is It?
How It Began
How It Developed
The Work of Scholars
Archaeology as a Tool for Understanding
Why Study the Old Testament?
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The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
2
Chapter 1 • The Book and Those Who Study It
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter serves as an introduction to the academic study ofSthe Old Testament. The first task is
to define Old Testament, a task that becomes more difficult when we realize that different religious
Adifferent ways. The next step is to
communities understand and use this collection of literature in
describe the process by which the Old Testament came into being,
U a task that can only be hypothetical at many points because of a lack of evidence. The remainder of the chapter describes how
N different methods of reading,
scholars of various types approach the Old Testament, by examining
and how the historical study, including archaeology, is appliedD
to the understanding of the text.
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THE OLD TESTAMENT: WHAT IS IT?
Definition
The Old Testament is a set of texts that originated among the people who, at differing times in their
history, have been called Hebrews, Israelites, and Jews, and which became their sacred scriptures.
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The Old Testament is actually a library of books, produced over a period of more than a thousand
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Jesus, the Apostles, and members of
years (1200–200 B.C.E.). This was the Bible that was known to R
the early Christian church—especially in the period before the fall of Jerusalem to the Romans in
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70 C.E., when the church was still viewed as another Jewish sect. After 70 C.E., the collection of
Christian writings (which began with some of Paul’s letters and,the earliest of the Gospels) began to
be viewed as sacred. And thus having the status of scripture, Christians began to refer to the Hebrew
Bible as the Old Covenant or the Old Testament and their sacred writings as the New Covenant or
G Jeremiah (Jer. 31:31–34).
the New Testament. They took the term covenant from the prophet
“Tell me a story” is the frequent plea of a child. It is through
A stories that we transmit to our
children our values, our family traditions, and much of our view of life. So it has always been with
Rmany forms: the accounts of the
humankind, and so it was with ancient Israel. Its stories took
creation of the universe and of people, its legal system, the oracles
R of its prophets, the songs of its
singers, and the wisdom of its sages. All these are part of the Old Testament story.
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The Literary Forms That Carry the Story
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NARRATIVE. In our culture, we normally expect narrative to2be the means of communicating a
story. Thus, we are not surprised that much of the Old Testament is made up of narrative material.
Readers soon discover, however, that stories that come from a 0
very different time and place follow
very different conventions. One of the most striking examples 9
is the lack of descriptive language in
these stories. The most important human character in the Old Testament is Moses. He dominates
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four large books, from Exodus to Deuteronomy, yet there is not a word about his physical appearT or has blue eyes or brown. The
ance. Readers are not told whether he is tall or short, large or small,
stories of the Old Testament have a density and economy about them that makes them significantly
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different from most contemporary written stories. The story of Cain and Abel, in Genesis 4:1–16, is
one of the most powerful and influential stories in all of Western culture, yet it is slightly less than 200
words long in Hebrew and was translated to slightly less than 400 English words in the King James
Version of the Bible. John Steinbeck’s classic novel, East of Eden, is in many ways a modern retelling
of the Cain and Abel story, and in its most commonly published form is nearly 700 pages long.
The narratives in the Bible often make use of, or are supplemented by, other literary forms
such as laws, songs, genealogies, and lists. Yet these forms are woven into the narrative in such a
way that they become a vital part of it. Narrative is the principal literary vehicle from Genesis
through 2 Kings, in major portions of the prophetic books, including Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel,
The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 • The Book and Those Who Study It
Jonah, and Haggai, and in the less familiar books of the Old Testament, such as 1 and 2
Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Esther, Daniel, and Ruth.
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What is unusual about all this is that narrative was not a common
literary device in other surviving literature from the ancient Near East. Outside of legal codes,
most
of what is known about its
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gods, goddesses, legendary heroes, and kings is told in poetry. Poetry’s primary function is to impart
U to give the stories a sense of time
a sense of emotion and praise for its subject, while narrative serves
and place, to flesh out their characters, and to impart a sense ofN
the flow of life to what is being told.
There are at least two stories in the Old Testament that are told twice, once in prose narrative and once in poetry. The first is the crossing of the sea byD
the Israelites as they were pursued
through the wilderness by Pharaoh’s army, after their escapeEfrom slavery in Egypt. Exodus 14
tells the story in prose, then the Israelites, led by Moses, sing the “Song of the Sea” in Exodus 15,
R of Judges 5 conveys the sense of
which tells the story again in a different way. The powerful poetry
celebration for the LORD’s delivery of Israel by the hand of Deborah
S from a powerful enemy. This
“Song of Deborah” is preceded by a prose account of the same story in Judges 4.
LEGAL MATERIALS. The Old Testament contains numerous sets of laws, which have been
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placed into the narrative of the exodus from Egypt and the journey through the wilderness.
Rto come from different times and
Closer examination of these laws later will reveal that they seem
places, but their placement within a story provides a powerful
. and dynamic way of preserving
and presenting legal material.
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One would naturally expect Psalms and the Song of Songs to be poetry. What might
come as a surprise to those who have not used modern translations of the Bible is that large portions of the books of the prophets are also in poetic form. The line
G between poetry and prose is not
always clear. They are perhaps better understood as two ends of a continuum rather than two disA
tinct categories. The first chapter of the Bible, Genesis 1, is typically understood as prose, and is
printed that way, but careful reading of this text reveals that it R
has many of the qualities of poetry.
POETRY.
R Job, Ecclesiastes—is almost
WISDOM LITERATURE. Although wisdom literature—Proverbs,
entirely in poetic form, it is a special category because of its subject
Y matter. It discusses matters of
everyday life in a way that is not closely connected to specific religious traditions and ponders difficult, philosophical questions about suffering and the meaning of existence. In structure, it
ranges from extended wisdom poems to one-line proverbs. Except
2 for Chapters 1 through 2 and
42:7–16, Job is an extended poetic drama in the form of a dialogue between Job and his friends,
followed by two speeches by God. The book of Ecclesiastes is 0
a mixture of prose and poetry.
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As it stands now, the Old Testament starts at the beginning of all things—the Creation—but this
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order is probably not how the story of Israel was first told. Throughout the Old Testament, the
one theme that continually appears is the Exodus. This was theSsupreme event in Israelite history.
The Crucial Event
Israel became a people through this event and those that followed. Thus, it is commemorated in
song, in story (Exodus to Deuteronomy), and in numerous references in Psalms (such as 66:6;
68:7–18; 78:11–55; 114; 135:8–12; and 136:10–22), as well as in other places in the Bible. A classic
summary of the Exodus story is found in Deuteronomy 26:5–9:
You shall make this response before the LORD your God: “A wandering Aramean was
my ancestor; he went down into Egypt and lived there as an alien, few in number, and
there he became a great nation, mighty and populous. When the Egyptians treated us
harshly and afflicted us, by imposing hard labor on us, we cried to the LORD, the God
The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 1 • The Book and Those Who Study It
of our ancestors; the LORD heard our voice and saw our affliction, our toil, and our
oppression. The LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand and an outS signs and wonders; and he
stretched arm, with a terrifying display of power, and with
brought us into this place and gave us this land, a land flowing
A with milk and honey.”
The Exodus event made Israel aware of itself as a people with
Ucommon experiences that united
them. Just as a baby first notices its fingers and toes, leading to the awareness of itself as a person,
NI?” question is answered, there inso Israel became aware of itself as a people. When the “Who am
evitably follows the question, “Where did I come from?” The D
“Aramean” in Deuteronomy 26:5 is
Jacob, whom all Israelites came to understand as their ancestor.
E begin to look at their history. So
When people begin to ask these kinds of questions, they
Israel, in times of literary activity, had historians who gathered
Rtogether the memories and traditions of the people and began to weave them into a story. In this story, they not only explained
S back through the patriarchs to
their own origins in the Exodus, but also carried that explanation
the origin of the human race and even to the universe itself. As the nation grew, the history was
expanded and revised, either in written or oral form. Then, when the tragedy of the Babylonian
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Exile struck and it looked as though not only historical materials,
but also the words of the
prophets, the wisdom materials, and the songs of the people might
R be lost, a concerted effort was
made to gather together and preserve the literary heritage.
HOW IT BEGAN
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How did the Old Testament come to be written? Did someone just suddenly decide, “I’m going to
write the Old Testament”? Or was it a more complicated process?
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To answer this question with certainty is impossible. A New Testament writer, for whom
A
the Old Testament was the Bible, spoke of how “Holy men of old wrote as they were moved by the
R the conviction that God was the
Spirit of God” (2 Pet. 1:21). Yet even that statement, setting forth
initiator of the process that led to the writing, also suggests that the development of the Old
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Testament was an historical process. The following is a suggested scheme of how the Old
Y
Testament may have been developed.
First the Event
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Nothing happens without a cause; something must trigger it. The Old Testament grew out of the
events and circumstances of the life of the people of Israel.0Although the Exodus and related
events served as the catalyst for the development of the sacred literature of the Israelites, many
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events before and after that crucial event contributed to the material resources from which the
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Old Testament was constructed.
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First, things happened. The people to whom things happened told others about their experiences.
Then the Story—the First Interpretation
Just as every family has a fund of stories about various relatives, much of the Old Testament is
composed of stories that came from the oral tradition of the people who were to be known as
Israel. Not all the stories, however, were based on actual events. Some stories, known as
etiologies, for example, were created to answer “why” questions. Other stories, like Jotham’s fable
about the trees (Judg. 9:7–15), or Samson’s riddle (Judg. 14:14), were told to make a point. Telling
the stories over the centuries also had its effects on their nature and their subsequent interpretation. The study of how literary texts are interpreted is called hermeneutics.
The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1 • The Book and Those Who Study It
Then the Reinterpretation
When things happen to us, we interpret them in the light of S
existing circumstances. Later, however, as we look back, we may view a particular event in an entirely different way than we did
Aa different insight into its signifiwhen it happened. Time and circumstances may have given us
cance for us. For instance, an event once seen as a disaster may
U later be looked on as something
very positive and meaningful for us.
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Then the History—the Continuing Interpretation
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The Old Testament grew from such hindsight. At some point
E in the life of Israel as a people,
someone, or a number of someones, looked back at the past and concluded that God had been at
work in the lives of the people—calling their ancestors out ofR
paganism, making himself known
to them, leading them from the Tigris and Euphrates River S
valleys to Palestine and eventually
into Egypt and bondage. But even that bondage, a disaster by most normal standards, was God’s
way of preserving the Israelites as a people. God raised up a leader, Moses, and prepared him, as
the adopted son of the Egyptian princess and as a Midianite
Sshepherd, for the difficult job of
leading a band of slaves and a mixed multitude of others into the Sinai desert, there to weld this
R
motley group into a people united in covenant to God.
Furthermore, God led them to a land—a land that had. been promised to their ancestors,
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. After a long and difficult period, the land became theirs. But their
,
troubles were not over. After many years of struggle to achieve some kind of national unity, they
finally settled on a monarchy as the kind of government they would have. After a sputtering start
under Saul, the storytellers describe a remarkable growth during
G David’s time, when the nation
reached its greatest territorial limits, enabling it to withstand any challenge. Solomon gained the
A economic prosperity. Yet, he
fruits of his father’s success, enjoying a time of peace and great
sowed seeds of discontent that would come to full flower under
Rhis son Rehoboam, whose unwise
policies resulted in the kingdom’s splitting into two separate states.
R
For two centuries, the two parts of the once proud kingdom
of David limped along—
sometimes as enemies, sometimes as allies. At times, in theirYperiods of friendship, they combined forces to bring a measure of prosperity to their people. But for most of the time, they were
like pawns, toyed with by the great powers of the time—Egypt and Assyria. Finally, in 721 B.C.E.,
Israel, the Northern Kingdom, was blotted out of existence by
2the Assyrian giant who destroyed
its cities and deported all that was left of its upper classes, replacing them with foreigners who
0 the Samaritans.
were to intermarry with the poor people left in the land, producing
Judah, the Southern Kingdom, struggled on for just over
9 a century, but it too fell, this time
to Babylonia, the nation that had succeeded Assyria as the terror of the Near East.
0
As had been the case with Israel, most of the members of Judah’s surviving leadership were
deported, but different factors were at work that allowed theTpeople to keep their identity. The
prophets had warned that such an occurrence was likely if Judah persisted in its wrongdoing.
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Seemingly, the stability of the government in the south gave the people a greater sense of unity,
aiding them in holding together in the time of national disaster. Then, too, the Babylonians seem
to have contributed to the situation by settling the people in communities in which they could
follow the advice of the prophet Jeremiah and live as normal a life as possible (Jer. 29).
In response to the trauma of the Exile and the threat of annihilation, Jewish scholars began
in earnest to collect and shape the literature of the people. Although history writing may have
begun earlier, the Exile gave the work a new sense of urgency. Along with the writing of history,
poetry was collected, the law was codified, and the words of the great prophets were arranged and
The Old Testament Story, Ninth Edition, by John Tullock and Mark McEntire. Published by Pearson Learning Solutions.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Chapter 1 • The Book and Those Who Study It
preserved. Much of the Old Testament as we now know it took shape during the Exile and immediately afterward.
S preservation of their traditions,
With the people now convinced of the importance of the
the period following the Exile, while not a time of glory, wasA
a time of collection, preservation,
and interpretation that reached its climax in the final canonization of the Old Testament early in
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the Christian era.
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HOW IT DEVELOPED
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The Process
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Did the process of forming the literature of the Old TestamentR
begin during the Exile? The answer
most certainly is “No.” The development of the Old Testament may be compared to a river and its
tributaries. A river does not begin full sized. Rather, it is a S
combination of dozens of smaller
streams that have joined together to form the river. So it was with the Old Testament. Some will be
quick to point out that it began with God. Even so, God worked through human agents, and it is
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the work of these human agents that is being discussed. …
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