Organizations and Organizing Scott Richard and Davis Gerald Hi, nice to work with you again. 1. You need to read the following articles to answer the ques

Organizations and Organizing Scott Richard and Davis Gerald Hi, nice to work with you again.

1. You need to read the following articles to answer the questions. And you can ONLY use the readings in the attachment as the references to support your answer

2.please reading the attachment named “objective” carefully, you need to cover ALL the objectives in your answer.

3. please also out references after your answer.

4. this assignment has two parts. For the second part, I can only sent the material to you on Sunday, because I only get it on Sunday.

ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

In the past half century, as organizations and administration have become increasingly pervasive, social scientists have devoted their time to develop theoretical frameworks to define how organizations function and how to make them easier to manage, navigate, and understand. Several frameworks have emerged and evolved in an attempt to help administrators and managers negotiate the complexities of their jobs and the organizations for which they work. The first reading outlines those frameworks. There are supplemental readings you can take a look at that examine the history and role of management. Those selections are classics in the fields of management and organizational behavior.

Read:

Scott, Richard & Davis, Gerald. Organizations and Organizing, ch. 1.
Treadway Tire case study – The case describes a problem with front-line supervisors in a classic mass production facility. Read the case study in preparation for an activity in next week’s class.
Forum:
Identify the three organizational frameworks that Scott & Davis describe. What are the main conceptual components of each framework? What are the advantages of each one in diagnosing and solving problems of management practice?
Why is it important for management to understand organizational structure in order to be more effective managers?

Be sure to look over the scoring checklist (on the class slides) so that you know what is expected in your responses.

Supplemental readings

Taylor, Frederick. The Principles of Scientific Management, ch. 2 pp: 1-7 – This piece from a century ago revolutionized management and set the tone of management practices for most of the 20th century.
Drucker, Peter. Why Management. in Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices – This reading is from 1954, summarizing the argument for the central role of the managerial hierarchy.
Walton, R.E. From Control to Commitment. – This piece from the 1980s was important in questioning the premises of Scientific Management and was influential in inspiring a new approach to management based on employee involvement and team-based efforts. This new model has become central to work organization in the 21st century. 2189
JUNE 12, 2008
WICKHAM SKINNER
HEATHER BECKHAM
The Treadway Tire Company:
Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the
Lima Tire Plant
“We have a serious problem.” The words of Brandon Bellingham, the plant manager at
Treadway’s Lima, Ohio, Tire Plant, rang in Ashley Wall’s ears. She had just attended a tense meeting
where she had presented the projected year-end turnover figures for the plant. Out of a total of 50
foremen at the Lima facility, 23 of these positions had turned over in 2007. Ashley Wall had
transferred to the Lima Plant as Director of Human Resources when Treadway’s plant in Greenville,
South Carolina, had closed down in 2006. She was a seasoned human resources professional with
over 10 years of experience at Treadway. Wall knew the turnover rate of foremen was higher at Lima
than at other plants in the division; reversing this trend was her top priority. It was now November
28, 2007—approximately one month before Christmas. The plant would be closed from Christmas to
New Year’s for retooling and annual maintenance. By the time the plant reopened in January 2008,
Wall intended to complete a thorough analysis of the problem and a plan of action to correct it.
The Treadway Tire Company employed almost 9,000 hourly and salaried staff in North America.
The company was a major supplier of tires to the original equipment manufacturer1 and replacement
tire markets, selling Treadway Primo, Treadway Performance, and private tire brands. The Lima Tire
Plant was one of eight manufacturing plants operated by the Treadway Tire Company.
For the prior several years, tire manufacturers had been faced with a variety of challenges,
including skyrocketing raw material costs and intense global competition. Raw materials
represented about 55% of the cost to produce a tire, and petroleum derivates were an important
ingredient in the mix. Raw material costs were thus highly dependent on the price of oil. The price
of standard crude oil climbed from below $25/barrel in September 2003 to $92/barrel by October
2007, pressuring the economics of tire companies.
1 Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) included companies such as Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Professor Wickham Skinner and Heather Beckham prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of
primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management.
This case, though based on real events, is fictionalized, and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. There are occasional
references to actual companies in the narration.
Copyright © 2008 Harvard Business School Publishing. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write
Harvard Business Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business Publishing.
Harvard Business Publishing is an affiliate of Harvard Business School.
2189 | The Treadway Tire Company: Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the Lima Tire Plant
Wall sat down in her office, staring at the blank computer screen. She was acutely aware of the
rising cost of raw materials and its impact on the company. Although she could not solve this
problem directly, she could help cut overall costs and improve productivity at the plant by reducing
turnover. But Wall knew that turnover was the tip of the iceberg. Serious morale issues had been
brewing for some time with the line-foreman segment, and their dissatisfaction was beginning to
infect the entire plant. Wall’s thoughts swirled around the myriad factors causing the problems.
Treadway’s Lima Tire Plant
In 2007, the Lima Tire Plant produced approximately 25,000 passenger and light truck tires per
day (See Exhibit 1 for detail on the manufacturing process). Located in Lima, Ohio, the plant
building encompassed over 1.5 million square feet and was situated on 128 acres of land. About
1,120 people were employed at the Lima location: 970 were hourly employees and 150 were salaried
employees. The hourly personnel at the plant were unionized by the United Steelworkers (USW),
which had merged with the United Rubber Workers in 1995.2 The union contract dictated job
classifications, pay rates, the schedule for pay increases, overtime rates, benefits, health/safety
standards, and grievance procedures for hourly workers in the plant.
The Lima Plant had undergone a $100 million expansion and modernization effort in 2000, which
enabled the plant to increase capacity and utilize new manufacturing technology. Due to the
updated equipment and technology spending, Lima had become one of Treadway’s top plants for
productivity and quality ratings. Wall believed that once the turnover problem was solved, Lima
could become Treadway’s number one plant for productivity and its lowest cost producer in North
America.
In 2006, Treadway shut down the Greenville, South Carolina, plant, which had been plagued by
outdated equipment, and moved the volume to the more efficient Lima plant. With the additional
volume, Lima shifted to continuous operations. The plant now operated 24 hours a day, seven days a
week, with four rotating shifts.3 Most employees at Lima worked a 12-hour shift—either from 7:00
a.m. to 7:00 p.m. or 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.—with two breaks per shift and a half-hour for meals.
Continuous operations allowed Treadway to amortize the substantial fixed costs of running a tire
plant over maximum production volume. By running two 12-hour shifts instead of three 8-hour
shifts, the company was also able to reduce headcount, thus capturing significant cost savings.
The hourly line-production employees at Treadway’s tire plants were supervised by salaried, nonunion, floor-level managers called line foremen, of which there were 50 at Lima. Directly above the 50
line foremen were 13 general supervisors who managed several line segments. Lima’s five area
managers were responsible for everyone in their sector, including the hourly tire production team,
the line foremen, and the general supervisors. Oversight of the entire plant was the responsibility of
a single plant manager, Brandon Bellingham (see Exhibit 2 for abbreviated plant organization chart).
While foremen supervised all phases of production and quality assurance work, at the Lima plant the
largest number of foremen were involved in the three phases of rubber component preparation, tire
assembly, and curing/final finish.
2 United Steel Workers (USW) represented more than 850,000 workers in the United States and Canada, of which 70,000 were
employed in the tire and rubber industries.
3 Shifts were categorized A, B, C, or D with an average schedule of 3 days on, 3 days off, and about 14 to 16 total days worked
in a month.
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Foreman Staffing Objectives
The manufacturing foremen constituted the largest group of salaried employees at Lima. Foremen
were employed primarily in four main areas: Production, Maintenance, Material Control, and Quality
Assurance. One of the factors influencing the performance of line foremen on the job was their
educational background and skill set. Treadway’s management was debating whether to change the
composition of the foreman candidate pool. As of December 2006, when Wall joined the Lima plant,
its foremen came from three sources: the majority (80%) were internal promotions of Lima’s
unionized workers; a second group (16%) were young graduates from the local colleges; and a select
few (4%) were experienced foremen transfers from other Treadway plants.
According to Wall, “Our most successful general supervisors and area managers have risen from
the foreman ranks. However, currently there do not seem to be enough people in the foreman
position with the potential to move up to the next level of management. In addition, none of the
hourly employees that have shown an interest in the foreman position have a college degree.
Although I agree with Treadway headquarters that we need to increase the percentage of college
graduates and inter-company transfers, I personally feel that over the next two years, a realistic goal
would be 60 % internal hires, 30% new college graduates, and 10% company transfers.”
Since Wall had been hired, she had made an effort to increase the percentage of external
candidates with college degrees in the foreman pool. Of the 23 foremen who were hired in 2007 to
replace departing workers, 8 were external hires with college degrees (Exhibit 3 provides a
distribution analysis of hiring and turnover patterns).
The Line Foreman Experience
The job of line foreman at Lima was a daily challenge, requiring foremen to juggle and resolve a
variety of personnel, resource, and administrative issues in a 12-hour shift. On top of this, line
foremen often felt pulled in different, often conflicting directions by management, the workers, and
the union.
According to plant manager Bellingham, “Meeting performance goals is the most important duty
of the line foreman.” Every day a breakout report by line area of the previous day’s actual
performance versus forecasted performance was circulated to all line foremen, general supervisors,
area managers, and the plant operating committee. The report detailed such metrics as labor hours
per unit, units completed, and units rejected owing to quality issues. If results fell below forecasted
levels, the line foreman was subject to a severe tongue lashing and usually threatened with a poor
performance review.
A foreman’s top priority was to start the tire production line each work day and ensure that no
technical issues would stop production during the shift. Often, the line foreman would be required
to call Maintenance right away to identify and quickly fix unresolved equipment and quality issues
from the previous shift. Staffing the production team (up to 20 people on a line at any moment) also
caused frequent headaches for the foremen. Due to the strenuous nature of long shifts, the scheduled
hourly workers often came late to work or called in sick, causing foremen to scramble for last-minute
substitute workers and assign them spontaneously to appropriate tasks. The foremen were also in
charge of maintaining strict safety and health standards and for investigating any violations.
Foremen also had to manage many union and administrative procedures. Foremen documented
employee disciplinary actions and negotiated work standards with the union reps. When an hourly
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2189 | The Treadway Tire Company: Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the Lima Tire Plant
employee felt the company had violated the union contract or disciplinary action was not justified, a
union steward was called in and a grievance process was initiated. The foremen were typically not
involved in the grievance committee’s ruling, and disciplinary decisions such as demotion and
termination were out of their control. Foremen spent the end of each shift completing various
administrative duties, including scheduling hourly workers, approving vacation requests, checking
time sheets, and solving payroll issues.
Morale
An employee satisfaction survey conducted in August 2007 and exit interviews of departing
foremen revealed solid discontent in the plant and highlighted concerns about the line-foreman
position. (See Exhibit 4 for results from the employee survey and Exhibit 5 for a sample exit
interview.) In addition, several incidents had occurred that highlighted the tension between hourly
workers and foremen. In one example, a line worker had arrived back late from his break and
according to an hourly witness, “The line foreman went ballistic and started screaming at him. The
guy tried to explain himself, but the foreman just kept shouting. These foremen assume we are all
slackers and won’t even hear us out.” Immediately after the confrontation, Wall assembled a group
of line foremen to discuss their jobs. They expressed concerns about their lack of authority and
adversarial relations with the hourly workers. Wall recalled the foremen’s comments:
No matter what happens, we’re expected to meet or exceed targets, which get higher every
year. But what am I supposed to do if I’m missing machines? What if half a dozen workers
don’t show up for work? Sure, I scramble, looking for folks with the right skills to fill in. You
need to have your line going quick or you have no chance of hitting your production targets
for the day. A lot of this is beyond my control, and Management doesn’t seem to understand
that.
I discipline the hourly workers when necessary, but even here I feel powerless. The union
guys on the grievance committee often send the worker back, smiling, with a cleared record,
and no explanation to me.
You have to stay on top of things or they let you have it; it’s a jungle in here.
We just don’t have any authority anymore and yet still have all the responsibility. No one
listens to us as foremen, no one acts on our requests. We’re between a rock and a hard place.
Bellingham, the Lima plant manager, attributed the morale problem of the foremen primarily to
lack of communication. Bellingham commented, “Foremen feel isolated from the rest of the plant.
They are the lowest players on the totem pole, and they feel that their contributions are undervalued
and their concerns ignored. Open communication is essential to this. As a perk, I have recently tried
to introduce occasional social events after work for foremen, other salaried employees, and their
managers—a sports theme night at the local bar, for example. The foremen appreciate the gesture,
but our general supervisors and area managers are not accustomed to this style of management or
level of social interaction.”
Hiring
In 2007, the average base rate for a new line foreman was equivalent to approximately $30 per
hour (about 16% above the average hourly rate). They were also eligible for overtime pay. Pay rates
in the plant were also adjusted to reflect experience and years of service with Treadway.
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The selection process for current Lima hourly employees interested in a line-foreman position
began when available jobs were posted on bulletin boards in the plant and the Treadway corporate
Intranet, to facilitate transfers from other plants. Respondents’ employee records were scrutinized
and an interview with the area manager was scheduled. Those who applied for foremen positions
also had to successfully complete the First Line Test (FLT)—a five-hour exam that 45% of applicants
passed, on average.
The three-hour written portion of the FLT asked applicants to develop a production plan, with
both short-term and long-term forecasts, and to solve several mini-case studies on interpersonal
relations. The screening committee then interviewed the candidates for two hours to gauge their
ability to quickly respond to a hypothetical situation requiring problem-solving, task-structuring, and
planning skills in an attempt to assess the capabilities and the standards that they would bring to the
foreman position.
To recruit college graduates with a bachelor’s degree, the Lima plant management advertised
foremen vacancies at college job fairs and on Internet job websites. There was also an employee
referral program in place. In addition to completing the FLT, successful external candidates were
interviewed by the area manager and a general supervisor, whom the candidates had to convince of
their sincere interest in a manufacturing career.
Training
As of November 2007, new line foremen received only informal training, at the discretion of the
general supervisor and area manager. According to Herb Adams, a general supervisor, “I don’t have
a lot of time to devote to hand-holding. I tell my guys you have to take control to survive on the
plant floor. They have to keep their eyes open for the trouble makers and let them know who is boss.
That’s the only way to make it as a foreman. ” Area managers and general supervisors preferred that
current foremen adopt the tried-and-true management style from their own days as foremen.
Despite the reluctance of area managers and general supervisors to change, Wall felt that
enhanced training was key to reducing the turnover among line foremen. She estimated that just
over 43% of the 23 line foremen who had left the position in 2007 had done so voluntarily. Some
former Lima foremen returned to hourly positions at Lima or transferred to non-foremen jobs in
other Treadway plants, but many left Treadway altogether. Wall felt line foremen who were asked to
leave the job failed for one of three reasons: they could not control the workers, they did not meet
forecasts, or they had persistently counterproductive interactions with general supervisors and area
managers.
Observations from the salaried personnel manager, Robert Henry, echoed the need for training:
A lot of our foremen are put on a line before they have enough knowledge. The general
supervisors expect them to just sink or swim. There are a lot of specialty areas in which the
generalist foremen have to quickly come up to speed. Some foremen don’t have a clue what
industrial engineering is, or how to track their hours. They don’t know how to manage a
dispute, and they know less about their legal rights than the unionized workers do. A host of
problems could also be prevented if the foremen could figure out how to get along with the
hourly people.
Wall had been trying to create a new, month-long rotational training program for line foremen.
The program would assign area managers as formal mentors and expose the new line foremen to the
key processes in the plant. The new foremen would spend a day with Payroll to learn about
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2189 | The Treadway Tire Company: Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the Lima Tire Plant
problems with time sheets and paychecks, and a day with Human Resources to cover information on
union contracts and disciplinary issues. However, due to budget cuts in late 2007, Bellingham
decided to put this program on hold, stating, “I understand we have to do a better job of training our
foremen. They are often working with little knowledge of the correct way to handle labor situations.
I like the idea of a formal training program, but it not feasible in the context of our current costcutting mandate.”
Outlook for Line Foremen
The line foremen were evaluated annually in a performance review by their general supervisor
(see Exhibit 6 for sample performance review). According to Bellingham, there were two factors on
which the general supervisors judged the line foremen: “their ability to meet or exceed forecasts, and
how they manage and train their hourly workers.” The overall performance measurement system
was very informal. In the words of Herb Adams, “As long as you meet targets without aggravating
the union or management too much, you’re fine.”
At Lima, the general supervisors were traditionally promoted from foremen positions, and area
managers were usually promoted from general supervisory positions. In 2007, one line foreman had
been promoted to general supervisor, and there were no openings for the area manager position.
According to Tom Hamilton, another general supervisor, “My line…
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