University of Iowa How Soccer Changed the Lives of Players Paper I need a very basic research about How soccer changed the lives of players. Also, i want j

University of Iowa How Soccer Changed the Lives of Players Paper I need a very basic research about How soccer changed the lives of players. Also, i want just 2 or 3 sources in the body paragraph and i just need 5 body paragraph and only 8 sentences. Also, i need a basic introduction talks about How soccer changed the lives of players. First a basic introduction. i need 1-body paragraph talks about How soccer can help poor people, 2- How soccer help players make profits, 3- How soccer made people healthy. Finally, basic conclusion talks about How soccer changed the lives of players. Also, just use the sources from the proposal. and don’t forget the references at the end of the research. Blatter, Sepp
from The Columbia Encyclopedia
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(Joseph S. Blatter), 1936–, Swiss sports executive, grad. Univ. of Lausanne, 1959. He served as
general secretary of the Swiss Ice Hockey Federation and director of sports timing and public
relations at Longines, where he helped organize the 1972 and 1976 Olympics, before joining FIFA
(Fédération International de Football Association), soccer’s international governing body, in 1975 as
technical director. In 1981 he became FIFA’s secretary general; elected its president in 1998, he was
reelected five times. From 1999 to 2015 he was also a member of the International Olympic
Committee. Blatter oversaw an increase in the number of African and Asian teams in FIFA events
and encouraged the development of women’s soccer, but FIFA also faced recurring allegations of
mismanagement and corruption during his tenure. Following the indictment (2015) by the United
States of several FIFA officials, he announced he would step down, but a replacement was not
elected until 2016. Later in 2015 he became the subject of a Swiss corruption investigation, and
subsequently was suspended by FIFA for six years and fined for ethics violations.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, © Columbia University Press 2018
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APA
Blatter, Sepp. (2018). In P. Lagasse, & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia (8th ed.).
Columbia University Press. Credo Reference: http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
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Chicago
“Blatter, Sepp.” In The Columbia Encyclopedia, by Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University. 8th ed.
Columbia University Press, 2018. http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/blatter_sepp/0?institutionId=8240
Harvard
Blatter, Sepp. (2018). In P. Lagasse & Columbia University, The Columbia encyclopedia. (8th ed.).
[Online]. New York: Columbia University Press. Available from: http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/blatter_sepp/0?institutionId=8240
[Accessed 16 July 2020].
MLA
“Blatter, Sepp.” The Columbia Encyclopedia, Paul Lagasse, and Columbia University, Columbia
University Press, 8th edition, 2018. Credo Reference, http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/blatter_sepp/0?institutionId=8240.
Accessed 16 Jul. 2020.
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Fitness for Sport and Health
in Exercise Physiology
from Key Concepts in Sport & Exercise Sciences
View article on Credo
FITNESS FOR SPORT
Fitness may be described as the possession of a characteristic or a series of characteristics that
allow the performance of a given task. Thus fitness for sport may be seen as being specific in nature.
To illustrate the point, one only has to compare the physical make-up of an elite-level basketball
player with that of a marathon runner. The former will generally be tall and quite well muscled,
particularly in the upper body. They will need to be very fast and agile, with the ability to jump high
and to perform repeated bouts of high-intensity work with relatively short periods of recovery. The
marathon runner is likely to be relatively slight and very lean. Their activity requires them to run at a
sub-maximal, but fast pace continuously for more than two hours. The two activities are very different
in duration and intensity and require different physical attributes and draw on the three Energy
Systems in differing ratios. In sport, therefore, people tend to gravitate towards activities for which
they have the appropriate characteristics or attributes. Thus fitness in sport may be referred to as
‘sport- or performance-specific fitness’.
FITNESS FOR HEALTH
It is not only sport that requires us to be fit. We also need to be fit for everyday life. We need to have
the capability to perform the tasks of daily life. From time to time we are called upon to be physically
strong, when lifting heavy weights such as a parcel, some furniture, or to support someone who is
unsteady on their feet or who has fallen. We may need to stretch to reach something on a high shelf,
to be fast and powerful to run quickly up a flight of stairs or have the muscular endurance to mop a
large area of flooring or to trim a large hedgerow. There is also a wealth of research evidence
supporting a positive association and relationship between health status and physical activity and
fitness, in terms of disease prevention. It is well established that being fit and active reduces the
incidence of certain diseases. These diseases include: coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes
mellitus, most forms of cancer and diseases of the blood such as hyperlipidemia and
hypercholsterolaemia. This type of fitness is sometimes referred to as health-related fitness.
Components of fitness for sport and health
Whole-body aerobic endurance. This is sometimes referred to as cardiovascular endurance,
cardiorespiratory endurance or stamina, the latter being the common lay term. This aspect of
fitness requires a powerful heart able to pump relatively large volumes of blood with each beat,
lungs free from disease and airways that are clear and large muscle masses necessary to
exercise. Sports performers with high levels of aerobic capability are typically involved in middleand long-distance running or cycling, long-distance swimming and in games will tend to play in
the ‘link’ or midfield positions. In healthrelated fitness, good aerobic fitness usually means having
a healthy heart, good circulation and healthy lungs.
Local muscular endurance. This means being able to repeat a muscular movement for a certain
amount of time. Rowing will involve many repetitions of the pulling action and is likely to be
continuous. It will require good muscular endurance in many different muscle groups of the
upper body, legs and trunk. Tennis may involve lots of swings of the racquet, but with rest
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intervals of differing durations. In everyday life, sawing or chopping wood requires muscle
endurance of the arms, hands and shoulders.
Muscular strength and power. In sport this can be sustained strength such as in a tug of war
where a tug may be an all-out effort for up to 60 seconds or so. In rock climbing, it may mean
having to raise the whole body when only being able to grip with two fingers and a thumb. In
daily life this may mean moving large pieces of furniture, or helping an infirm person up from a
seat. When strong movements are performed quickly, they are generally referred to as being
powerful.
Flexibility. This refers to the capacity of the joints of the human body to move through a standard
range of motion or beyond. Standards are population-specific and flexibility is usually held to be
greater in females than in males and is thought to decline after puberty. Gymnasts need to very
flexible in the trunk, hips and shoulders. Swimmers tend to be particularly flexible in the
shoulders. In everyday life flexibility of the joints is required in such activities as getting into and
out of cramped spaces, such as sports cars, or reaching for something on a high shelf.
Body composition. Having appropriate levels of body fat and fat-free mass are vital. Highperformance athletes need appropriate levels of muscle as well as strong bones. The amount
and placement of the muscle may be particular to the sport. Rugby players and throwers have
large amounts of upper body musculature. Dancers will tend to have well-muscled legs, relative
to other parts of the body. Some sports require participants to have less than the normal levels of
body fat, particularly where the sport means transporting their own body mass. Thus runners
and ball-games players will tend to be lean. Some sports such as martial arts and lightweight
rowing have categories of competition determined by body mass and thus extra body fat is not
helpful. Outside sport, an excess of body fat increases arterial blood pressure putting a greater
burden on the heart, as well as impairing flexibility and increasing the risk of conditions such as
coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Mental health. This is important for our general well-being as well as facilitating sports
performance. This means having a realistic perception of ourselves, our body and our place
within society. We need to be able to relate to others in a meaningful and constructive way and
have the mental strength and determination to concentrate on things and see them through.
More components of fitness for sport
So far all of the components described are necessary in the sporting arena and for health function in
everyday life. There are other components of fitness which perhaps relate more specifically to sports
performance. These are:
Speed and quickness of movement. Many sports require participants to be able to move quickly.
The quickness of movement may be hand speed, as in boxing or in racquet sports, where
racquet-head speed translates into ball or shuttlecock speed. It may also be leg speed such as
in running or kicking. Speed of movement will be determined and limited by the fibre typing of the
musculature involved as well as the state of training of that musculature.
Agility. The ability to move quickly, change direction and maintain balance is important in all ball
games and contact sports. It involves strength, speed, coordination and accurate sensory
perception.
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Balance. This is important in all sports, whether it be sitting in a boat while rowing, balancing on a
beam in gymnastics, sprinting on to the ball in soccer or sitting astride a horse as it takes a fence
in equestrian sports. Balance involves strength in the core muscles of the trunk, as well as the
legs. It may require the ability to shift body weight rapidly or subtly and involves inputs from the
senses. It is also very important in everyday life as the ability to remain in balance reduces the
incidence of falls. The elderly are more prone to falling and this, coupled with their more brittle
bones, can make them particularly vulnerable.
Reaction time. This refers to the time taken to respond to a given stimulus. Visual reaction time is
the slowest of the response modalities, with kinaesthetic response time, where feedback from
the proprioceptors in ligaments and tendons initiates the response the fastest. Response to an
auditory stimulus is faster than to a visual one. Reaction time is trainable; hence sprinters and
swimmers will train by practising starts.
Fitness is essential to all, in everything we do, as it reduces the incidence of stress, illness and injury.
We need different elements and types of fitness to do different things, but it is something which
should not be taken for granted. Almost all elements of fitness are trainable and are affected by the
ageing process.
FURTHER READING
Brown, S. J., Miller, W. C. and Eason, J. M. (2006) Exercise Physiology: Basis for Human
Movement in Health and Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
Corbin, C., Welk, G., Corbin, W. and Welk, K. (2007) Concepts of Fitness and Wellness: A
Comprehensive Lifestyle Approach, 7th edn. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ron Butterly
© David Kirk, Carlton Cooke, Anne Flintoff and Jim McKEnna 2008
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APA
Butterly, R. (2008). Fitness for sport and health. In D. Kirk, C. Cooke, & A. Flintoff, Key concepts in
sport & exercise sciences. Sage UK. Credo Reference: http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageuksport/fitness_for_sport_and_health/0?
institutionId=8240
Chicago
Butterly, Ron. “Fitness for Sport and Health.” In Key Concepts in Sport & Exercise Sciences, by
David Kirk, Carlton Cooke, and Anne Flintoff. Sage UK, 2008. http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageuksport/fitness_for_sport_and_health/0?
institutionId=8240
Harvard
Butterly, R. (2008). Fitness for sport and health. In D. Kirk, C. Cooke & A. Flintoff, Key concepts in
sport & exercise sciences. [Online]. London: Sage UK. Available from:
http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageuksport/fitness_for_sport_and_health/0?
institutionId=8240 [Accessed 16 July 2020].
MLA
Butterly, Ron. “Fitness for Sport and Health.” Key Concepts in Sport & Exercise Sciences, David Kirk,
et al., Sage UK, 1st edition, 2008. Credo Reference, http://libproxy.bridgeport.edu/login?
url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sageuksport/fitness_for_sport_and_health/0?
institutionId=8240. Accessed 16 Jul. 2020.
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Giorgio Chinaglia
from Encyclopedia of World Biography
View article on Credo
One of Europe’s most magnetic soccer stars of the 1970s, Giorgio Chinagalia (1947–2012) joined the
legendary New York Cosmos in 1976 and, with his brazen on-field antics, helped popularize soccer
in the United States. Regularly booed by crowds, Chinaglia spent eight years with the New York
Cosmos. During that time, he scored 242 goals in 254 games, leading the league in scoring five
years and retiring as the North American Soccer League’s all-time leading scorer.
Giorgio Chinaglia (Kee-NAHL-yah) was born January 24, 1947, in Carrara, a small town 50 miles
northeast of Florence, Italy, best known for its marble quarries. At the time of Chinaglia’s birth, Italy
suffered from an economic depression touched off by the end of World War II. Like many Italians at
the time, Chinaglia’s parents were poor. As an infant, Chinaglia lived at his grandmother’s house—
along with some 25 other relatives, most of them unemployed. He was still a baby when his father,
Mario, moved to Wales, England, to work in the iron industry. Initially, his mother, Giovanna, stayed
behind but soon joined her husband in England. Chinaglia and his sister remained in Carrara for
several years, living under their grandmother’s care. Around the time Chinaglia turned nine, he and
his sister were summoned to Cardiff, Wales, to join their parents. Chinaglia’s father later ran a
restaurant.
Focus on Sport/Getty Images
Began Professional Career in England
Chinaglia started playing soccer as a youngster. He was well-acquainted with the game by the time
he moved to England and played on his school soccer team at St. Mary’s Catholic School. By the
time Chinaglia was 15, scouts showed up at his games. As a teen he signed with Swansea Town, a
professional men’s team that was part of England’s Premier League. As a young apprentice,
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Chinaglia’s duties included team chores like cutting the grass, sweeping the stands, scrubbing the
showers, and cleaning the players’ cleats. In exchange for his services, Chinaglia got to work out with
the team a few days a week. In his four years with Swansea, Chinaglia made only six appearances
with the first team, but was the top scorer on the reserve squad.
Chinaglia never hit it off with the Swansea coaches. He reportedly stayed out late playing cards and
chasing girls and was regularly fined for showing up late to practice. There was also an incident in
which Chinaglia was asked to help spruce up the team’s stadium but instead of helping, the
hotheaded teen threw a can of paint against the wall. When Chinaglia was 19, Swansea Town let him
go. Chinaglia’s father quickly arranged a tryout with Massese, an Italian soccer club in Massa, Italy.
While Chinaglia—with his long Beatles-style haircut and tight-fitting pants—preferred the British youth
culture to that of Italy, he accepted the offer when Massese offered him a Fiat sports car with his
contract. Chinaglia joined Massese in June 1966. After the 1966–67 season, Chinaglia made the
under-21 Italian team and got to play his first international game in a match against the under-21
Austrian team. Italy won the match 2-1 with Chinagalia putting in the winning goal.
Soon after the match, Chinaglia, an Italian citizen, had to report for mandatory military service. He
was sent to Rome, but ended up in military jail after sneaking out one night and getting into a tussle
with the officer who caught him. Before Chinaglia finished his military service, Massese traded him to
Internapoli, an Italian club based in Naples. He joined them for games during the 1967–68 season,
playing on extended weekend passes and furloughs.
Became Standout in Italy
In the summer of 1969, Chinaglia began playing for Lazio, a team based in Rome. Lazio struggled to
make an impact and in 1971 hired Tommaso Maestrelli as its new manager. Maestrelli and Chinaglia
hit it off well, with Maestrelli adopting an offense that positioned Chinaglia as the first attacking player
of the offense. Under Maestrelli’s system, Chinaglia never ran back to play defense. Every time
Lazio’s defenders won the ball from the other team, they passed it to Chinaglia, who hung out 40
yards in front of the other team’s goal. During the 1973–74 season, Chinaglia scored 24 goals,
leading Lazio to its first championship in Italy’s premier Serie A league and winning the
Capocannoniere, or top-scorer award.
Ever confident—and often called conceited by the press—Chinaglia was known to taunt members of
the opposing team by muttering his own name as he dribbled past opponents. He celebrated his
goals in style, flinging his arms into the air and running around the field screaming at the top of his
lungs. There was also an incident in 1973 when he taunted fans of the opposing team. It happened
during the Coppa Italia cup when Chinaglia’s Lazio team was locked in battle with cross-town rival
Romanisti. According to Graham Henry of the South Wales Echo, Chinaglia scored a goal in the 68th
minute to break the tie, then sprinted up into the stands to face the Romanisti fans and shouted,
“Look at me. I am Giorgio Chinaglia. I beat you!”
In Lazio, Chinaglia was a local hero. The press followed his every move. Chinaglia liked to joke that
when he did something, it ended up on the front page of the paper, whereas the pope was relegated
to page 3. During his career with Lazio—from 1969 to 1976—Chinaglia scored 98 goals in 209
appearances. In 2000, when Lazio celebrated its 100th anniversary, Chinaglia was honored as the
team’s greatest all-time player.
Chinaglia’s success as a striker for Lazio led him to be selected for Italy’s national team. His
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international career included many highs and lows. In 1973, Chinaglia was chosen to play for Italy in
a friendly match against England held at London’s famed Wembley Stadium. As the minutes
dwindled in regulation play, the game remained tied at zero. On the attack, Chinaglia beat England’s
defender Bobby Moore and sent a cross to Fabio Capello, who put in the winning goal. It was a
momentous occasion, as Italy had never beat England in all of their matches at Wembley.
In 1974, Chinaglia represented Italy in the World Cup, which was held in West Germany. Substituted
during mid-match in a game against Haiti, Chinaglia threw a fit. He insulted the c…
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