The University Of Arizona Art History Questions 2 questions you have to follow what the questions want the questions is in the word document and the PPT wi

The University Of Arizona Art History Questions 2 questions you have to follow what the questions want the questions is in the word document and the PPT will as a guide you have to write the solution a different word document 1
Art History: Survey I
Quiz 3-2
(300 words, 20 points)
In 1907, the British archeologist, Howard Carter was hired by Lord Carnarvon to supervise his
Egyptian excavations. Carter had been excavating the Valley of the Kings for 15 years,
producing very little results, yet believing that he could uncover the intact tomb of Tutankhamen.
Finally, in 1922, Carter discovered the tomb, proving that it was not a figment of his
imagination. According to Egyptian laws, the contents of Tutanknamen’s tomb were to be
recorded and kept in Egypt. However, after Carter’s death, some minor objects, such as bracelet
in the form of the Sphinx or a bronze dog (see the PPT), that were attributed to King Tut’s tomb
were found in his estate. In your opinion, were Carter’s actions ethical, permissible,
understandable? Explain your position.
In 1930s-40s, these objects ended up at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which
purchased them in good faith (not knowing that they were taken from Egypt illegally). In late
1990s, these objects were identified with certainty as originating from King Tut’s tomb. Since
they were taken out of Egypt without permission, Egypt demanded that the objects were to be
returned. In your opinion, should the museum return the objects? Explain your position.
Ancient Egypt
Why are we still
fascinated with Ancient
Egypt?
• Egypt has long fascinated the
West.
• The Ancient Greeks and the
Romans knew and admired
Egypt.
• Napoleon’s incursion into Egypt
in the late 18th century brought
artifacts and knowledge back to
France and stimulated interest
throughout Europe.
• European—sponsored
excavations have been going in
Egypt since the 19th century
(partage system – equal
division of discovered artifacts
between Egypt and European
institutions in charge of the
archeological digs) a lot of
Egyptian artifacts ended up in
Western Museums)
• Napoleon’s campaign in Egypt (1798-1801): to “free” Egyptian
people from the Ottoman rule and to establish a French colony
• Military disaster (Napoleon was forced to withdraw by the British
army), but it gave a birth to Egyptology
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500 civilians accompanied the army, among them a group of scholars,
mathematicians, astronomers, civil engineers, naturalists, and mining engineers,
architects, draftsmen, men of letters, and 22 printers equipped with Latin, Greek
and Arabic characters. Average age – 25 years old
The scholars were charged with finding the vestiges of Ancient Egypt. Under the
guidance of newly established Commission of Science and Art and Egyptian
Institute, Egyptian artifacts were systematically catalogued and meticulously drawn.
After the defeat of Napoleon’s Army, the members of the Egyptian Commission
were required to hand over their work to the British forces. They had to surrender
artifacts, but took their writings and drawings back to France.
The scientific results of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt were published in
volumes of the “Description de l’Egypte,” beginning in 1809.
Rosetta Stone; 196 BC; Granodiorite; 45 in × 28.5 in × 11 in (1123 mm ×
757 mm × 284 mm)
https://www.khanacademy.org/hum
anities/world-history/world-historybeginnings/ancient/v/rosetta-stone196-b-c-e
Rosetta Stone; 196 BC; Granodiorite; 45 in × 28.5 in × 11 in (1123 mm ×
757 mm × 284 mm)
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Inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196
BCE on behalf of King Ptolemy V.
The decree appears in three scripts: the upper text
is Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, the middle portion
Demotic script, and the lowest in Ancient Greek
It provided the key to the modern understanding of
Egyptian hieroglyphs.
It was rediscovered in 1799 by the French
expedition to Egypt. British troops defeated the
French in Egypt in 1801, and the original stone
came into British possession in accordance with the
Treaty of Alexandria.
Current location – The British Museum, London
Text on the Rosetta Stone
• It is a copy of a decree passed in 196 BCE
by a council of Egyptian priests celebrating
the anniversary of the coronation of Ptolemy
V Epiphanes as king of Egypt.
• The text begins by cataloging some of the
king’s noble deeds and accomplishments,
such as the giving of gifts to the temple and
the restoration of peace to Egypt after a
rebellion. In return for these services to
Egypt, the council of priests pledges a
series of actions to bolster Ptolemy V
Epiphanes’ royal cult, such as the
construction of new statues, better
decorations for his shrines, and festivals for
his birthday and day of accession to the
throne. Finally, the decree states that it
should be inscribed in stone in
hieroglyphics, the demotic script, and Greek
and placed in temples throughout Egypt.
A giant copy of the Rosetta Stone by Joseph Kosuth
in Figeac, France, the birth place of Jean-François
Champollion
Rosetta Stone
•
Jean-François Champollion
deciphered the Egyptian texts in
1822 — established a scientific basis
for studying Egyptian civilization
— Egyptian civilization was created by
Nile (the most important contributor to
economic life)
— Complex society (multiple
ethnicities)
— Each year from July to November,
the river flooded much of the land in
the Nile valley
— Fertile soil – ideal conditions for
farming
— Need for centralized power –
complex system of irrigation
— Abundant natural resources (yet
lack of timber – stone architecture)
Societal Structure
Palette of King Narmer, ca.
3000-2920 BCE, Slate /
Egyptian/Predynastic
Last Judgment of Hu-Nefer,
from his tomb at Thebes,
Egypt, Dynasty 19, ca. 12901280 BCE. Painted papyrus
Palette of King Narmer, ca.
3000-2920 BCE, Slate; 25 in
x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) /
Egyptian/Predynastic

Palette of King Narmer

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Palette of King Narmer, ca.
3000-2920 BCE, Slate; 25 in
x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) /
Egyptian/Predynastic
•
Function: ceremonial object (large scale) used for grinding eye paint
Palette of King Narmer, ca.
3000-2920 BCE, Slate; 25 in
x 16.5 (64 cm x 42 cm) /
Egyptian/Predynastic
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Narmer appears as the main character in the various scenes of the palette.
He is depicted as the unifier, protector, and the leader.
Hieratic scale signals the status of individuals within the society
Egyptian conventional representation of a human figure. Use of twisted perspective
(combination of frontal and profile views). The aim is to represent each body part from the
most characteristic angle.
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Upper image: phonetic
representation of Narmer’s name:
symbols n’r (catfish) and mr(chisel)
Narmer wears the White Crown of
Upper Egypt and bull’s tail – symbol
of royal power.
Barefoot — Narmer is standing on a
sacred ground
God Horus (falcon) offers his
protection.
The king tames his enemy, who is
naked (debased).
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On the top register Narmer is wearing a
crown of Lower Egypt. (unification of Egypt).
He is accompanied by a sandal bearer,
minister, and standard bearers.
The decapitated bodies of his enemies are
placed in two neat rows. Horus is watching
over.
In the center, the intertwining necks of two
feline creatures form the cup of the palette.
In the bottom register a bull (the king) stands
over a fallen enemy outside the wall of the
fortress.
Mastaba Tombs
• Mastaba, (Arabic: “bench”)
rectangular superstructure of
ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud
brick or, later, stone, with sloping
walls and a flat roof. A deep shaft
descended to the underground burial
chamber.
Mummification
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiL-KYJfD9o
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4PLBpLBuCY
Imhotep, Stepped Pyramid and mortuary precinct of Djoser, Saqqara,
Egypt, Dynasty III, ca. 2630-2611 BCE / Early Dynastic
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Functioned as a tomb complex, a stairway to the sun god Ra. First, it was planned as a singlestory mastaba tomb, later Imhotep enlarged upon the concept. End result: a stepped pyramid
with 6 mastaba-like elements of decreasing size placed on top of each other.
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Employs the most elementary structural techniques and the
purest geometric forms.
The body was buried in the burial chamber underneath the
pyramid, to which it was connected by a shaft.
The adjacent funerary temple was used for continuing
worship of the dead king. In the form of his ka statue, the
king was to observe the rituals through peepholes in the
wall between a serdab (where the statue was placed) and
the temple
The Old Kingdom
(2575 BCE (first pharaoh of
the Fourth Dynasty 2134 BCE (Eight Dynasty)
Bent Pyramid, Pharaoh
Sneferu (2575 to 2551 BC),
c. 2600 BC
Called the Bent Pyramid
because of the change in
angle from 54 degrees to 43
degrees approximately half
way to its peak.
–Original height – 344 feet (105 meters).
— Significant in the evolution of pyramid
making in ancient Egypt: it was the first
pyramid to have been constructed as a
true pyramid, with smooth sides, not a step
pyramid.
Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt
Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472
BCE
Khufu (2551-2528 BCE)
Khafre (2520-2494 BCE)
• https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-arthistory/ancient-mediterranean-ap/ancient-egyptap/a/old-kingdom-the-great-pyramids-of-giza
Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt
Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472
BCE
Khufu (2551-2528 BCE)
Khafre (2520-2494 BCE)
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Pharaoh Khufu began the first Giza pyramid project, circa 2550 B.C. His Great Pyramid is the largest in
Giza (481 feet //147 meters). For centuries, it was the tallest structure made by human hands in the world
Khufu’s son, Pharaoh Khafre, built the second pyramid at Giza, circa 2520 B.C. His necropolis also
included the Sphinx
The third of the Giza Pyramids is considerably smaller than the first two. Built by Pharaoh Menkaure circa
2490 B.C.
Each massive pyramid is but one part of a larger complex, including a palace, temples, solar boat pits, and
other features.
Ancient Greeks designated the pyramids as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (last remaining
one)
Great Pyramids, Giza, Egypt
Pyramids of Menkaure (2490-2472
BCE
Khafre (2520-2494 BCE)
Khufu (2551-2528 BCE)
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Consists of a square base and 4 sloping
triangular faces. The angled sides of pyramid
meant to represent the slanting rays of sun; the
deceased king was to climb up the rays to join
the sun god Ra.
Desire of rulers to commemorate themselves as
divine beings.
Khufu’s tomb (the largest)
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At the base, the length of one side is 775 feet
Area: 13 acres
Present height: 450 feet
Consists of 2.3 million blocks of stone, 2.5 tons each
The pyramids were not built by the slaves: the builders were skilled,
well-fed Egyptian workers who lived in a nearby temporary city
Model of the Pyramid
Complex. 1. P of Menkaure;
2. P of Khafre 7. P of Khufu
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The site follows the sun’s east-west path.
The pyramids are oriented to the points of
compass. Built on the west side of the Nile
(symbol of death, where the sun falls into
the underworld)
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Next to each pyramid was a funerary
temple connected by causeway.
The body was entombed in a vault deep
inside the pyramid.
•
Great Sphinx, Giza, Egypt, Dynasty IV, 2520-2494 BCE, Sandstone
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Symbol of divine kingship. Composite creature – head of a ruler and the body of a lion. Part of
the Khafre’s funerary complex and pyramid
Could also be read as a giant hieroglyph “King departs”
• Monumental
sculpture: It measures
240 ft (73 m) long from
paw to tail, 66.31 ft
(20.21) high from the
base to the top of the
head.
• Scholars believe that it
was built during the
reign of the Pharaoh
Khafre (c. 2558–2532
BC)
• Monolith carved into
the bedrock of the
plateau
Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite;
66 inches (168 cm) x 22.5 inches (57 cm)
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Medium/material: diorite, extremely hard and
durable stone.
• Valuable stone: brought 400 miles down the
Nile from royal quarries.
• Technique: the subtractive method.
— First: drawing the front, back, and two profile
views of Khafre on the four vertical faces of the
stone
— Second: chiseling away the excess stone on all
four sides
— The last step: sculpting specific details
Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite
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Function: resting place for pharaoh’s
ka – the life force – to ensure
immortality and permanence (hence,
block-like quality of the sculpture: no
negative spaces)
Rigid posture and gaze
Clothing — a linen headdress (nemes)
with the cobra of kingship and a false
beard – clothing signals his royalty
and divinity
Not an actual portrait – the sitter is
idealized – emphasis on perfection:
athletic body, youthful appearance,
perfect proportions
Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite
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Throne is formed by two stylized lions’ bodies –
another symbol of royal power
intertwined lotus (symbol of Upper Egypt) and
papyrus plants (symbol of Lower Egypt) signify the
unification of Egypt – political symbolism
Khafre’s head is protected by God Horus (falcon).
Horus (patron and protector of Egypt)
was specifically related to the ruling pharaoh who
was regarded as a manifestation of Horus in life
and Osiris in death
Seated Scribe, Dynasty V,
2450-2350 BCE. Painted
Limestone
Dimensions: 21.1 in (53.7 cm)
× 17 in (44 cm) × 14 in
(35 cm)
https://www.khanacade
my.org/humanities/apart-history/ancientmediterraneanap/ancient-egyptap/v/the-seated-scribec-2620-2500-b-c-e
Inlaid eyes: rock crystal, magnesite, copper-arsenic alloy
Nipples are made of wood
Meticulously executed hands – contrast with a less detailed body
Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE.
Painted Limestone
• The identity of the sitter is
unknown
• Discovered near a tomb of
a high ranking official
• It was a common practice
to the royals and high
ranking officials to
commission the
representations of scribes
so that their skills could be
utilized in the afterlife.
• Scribes — rather high social
status: they were highly
regarded and well-paid
Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE.
Painted Limestone
• Seated figure dressed in a
white kilt
• Cross-legged position – his
work posture
• Holding a papyrus and
perhaps a brush (now
missing)
• Emphasis on his
professional traits
• Soft, unfit body, yet
animated and attentive gaze
Khafre, ca. 2520-2494 BCE, Diorite
Seated Scribe, Dynasty V, 2450-2350 BCE. Painted Limestone
Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE.
Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm)
• https://www.khanacademy.org/humanitie
s/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterraneanap/ancient-egypt-ap/a/king-menkauremycerinus-and-queen
Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE.
Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm)
• Was excavated by the Harvard
University -Museum of Fine Arts
Expedition team in 1909
• Partage system – 1911 placed in the
Museum of Fine Arts (Boston)
Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472
BCE. Graywacke.
• The sculpture was
blocked out in the
general shape of
the figure with the
help of red guiding
lines
• The statue was
then further
shaped and
polished.
• The sculpture was
not completely
carved, perhaps
due to the death of
the king.
Menkaure and his Wife (?), ca. 2490-2472 BCE.
Graywacke; Height: 4 feet 67/8 inches (139.5 cm)
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Dignity, calm, permanence. The compactness of
statue ensures a lasting alternative home for the ka
(if the mummy is damaged)
The queen’s symbolic gesture of embrace – royal
lineage of the ruler (share no emotions)
Figures are depicted in accordance with the
Egyptian ideal.
King — athletic, youthful figure (muscular arms
and legs), nude to the waist and wearing the royal
kilt, false beard and headcloth (symbols of royal
authority). Left foot forward stance traditional for
Egyptian sculpture (association with the heart).
Queen (?) — sheer, close-fitting garment reveals
the curves of her slim body.
Menkaure and his Wife, ca. 2490-2472 BCE. Graywacke.
Two Worshippers (Votive Statues), Sumerian, ca. 2700 BCE, Gypsum inlaid with
shell and black limestone
Middle Kingdom
• The Middle Kingdom designates a
period of ancient Egyptian
civilization stretching from
approximately 2030 to 1650 B.C.
(Dynasty 11 through Dynasty 13).
• Many Middle Kingdom monuments
are poorly preserved, which
contributes to the era’s relative lack
of modern prominence.
Hippopotamus (“William”); ca. 1961–1878 B.C.; From
Tomb B3 of the nomarch (governor) Senbi II; Faience; L.
20 cm (7 7/8 in.); W. 7.5 cm (2 15/16 in.); H. 11.2 cm (4 7/16
in.)
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-artcivilizations/egypt-art/new-kingdom/v/precaution
Hippopotamus (“William”)
— Molded in faience — a
ceramic material made of
ground quartz.
— Beneath the blue glaze,
the body was painted with
lotuses. These river plants
depict the marshes in which
the animal lived, but at the
same time their flowers also
symbolize regeneration and
rebirth as they close every
night and open again in the
morning.
The New Kingdom
Hatshepsut (1507–
1458 BC), 18th Dynasty
— 2nd confirmed female pharaoh.
Daughter of Thutmose I;
married Thutmose II, her halfbrother. Her stepson, Thutmose III
would succeed her as pharaoh
— Re-established trade routes –
Trade mission to the Land of Punt
(southeast of Egypt) – 31 live
myrrh trees.
— Ambitious building program
— Her reign was one of the most
prosperous and peaceful in
Egypt’s history
• Hatshepsut and Thutmose II
had a daughter, Neferu-Ra,
while Thutmose II fathered a
son with his lesser wife Isis.
• After the death of her
husband, Thutmose II, she
became a regent for
Thutmose III, assuming the
title and a full authority of the
pharaoh during the 7th year of
her regency
Thutmose III and Hatshepsut, Red
Chapel, Karnak
Princess Neferure
Hatshepsut kneels before Amun
• Birth myth: “He [Amun] in the
incarnation of the Majesty of
her husband, the King of
Upper and Lower Egypt
[Thutmose I] found her
sleeping in the beauty of her
palace. She awoke at the
divine fragrance and turned
towards his Majesty. He went
to her immediately, he was
aroused by her, and he
imposed his desire upon her.
He allowed her to see him in
his form of a god and she
rejoiced at the sight of his
beauty after he had come
before her. His love passed
into her body. The palace was
flooded with divine fragrance.”
Temple inscription
• She is the daughter of the
powerful God, who wanted her
to become a pharaoh:
• “Welcome my sweet daughter,
my favorite, the King of Upper
and Lower Egypt, Maatkare,
Hatshepsut. Thou art the
Pharaoh, taking possession of
the Two Lands”
Hatshepsut kneels before Amun
Statue of Thutmose I
• Hatshepsut also claimed that
her father, Thutmose I, wanted
her to rule Egypt:
• “Then his majesty said to them:
“This daughter of mine,
Hatshepsut—may she live!—I
have appointed as my
successor upon my throne… she
shall direct the people in every
sphere of the palace; it is she
indeed who shall lead you.
Obey her words, unite
yourselves at her command.”
The royal nobles, the
dignitaries, and the leaders of
the people heard this
proclamation of the promotion of
his daughter, the King of Upper
and Lower Egypt, Maatkare—
may she live eternally.”
25 years after her death (toward the end of the reign of Thutmose II, and
into the reign of his son, Amenhotep II, the images of Hatshepsut had
been deliberately chipped away, removed, defaced, vandalized.
Also, an attempt was made to remove Hatshepsut from certain historical
and pharaonic records. Contemporary historians believe that these
actions were initiated by Amenhotep II rather than Thutmose III.
Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C.//
The Female Pharaoh Hatshepsut, ca. 1479–1458 B.C.
Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut, ca.
1479–1458 B.C. Granite
H. 261.5 cm (102 15/16 in.); W. 80 cm (31
1/2 in.); D. 137 cm (53 15/16 in.)
• Monumental scale
• Originally located the middl…
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